Referencing multiple works by the same author with the same publication year

When an author has published more than one cited work in the same year, distinguish each work by using a lower case letter after the year within the brackets (this is also included in the reference list).

Direct quotation in-text

“the idea was useful…” (Dean, 2017a)

“the other idea was…” (Dean, 2017b)

Paraphrase in-text

According to Dean (2017a), it was found that ...

It is suggested that... (Dean, 2017b).

Reference list

Differentiate by adding a-z in alphabetical order after the year.

References by the same author(s) with the same publication year are arranged alphabetically by the title (excluding ‘A’ or ‘The’) that follows the date.

Dean, E. (2017a). Practice nursing: An action plan for a disparate workforce. Nursing Standard, 32(3), 25. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.32.3.25.s24

Dean, E. (2017b). Top nursing universities fall short in new ratings. Nursing Standard, 31(44), 9. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.31.44.9.s8

Referencing works with no author

If citing a source with no author, use the title of the work both in-text and in the reference list.

If the title of the work is italicised in the reference list, italicise the title in-text

If the title is not italicised in the reference list then use double quotation marks in-text, e.g. book titles should be italicised, journal article titles should be enclosed in "double quotation marks".

If the title is long, shorten the title to the first few words.

Direct quotation in-text

Add the title of the work in title case. Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s). If no page numbers are provided, then include the paragraph number.

"Australia is a major provider of international education and training services." (Higher Education in Australia: The Facts, 2004, p. 23)

Paraphrase in-text

Add the title of the work in title case. Include the first few words of the title in italics followed by the year.

Australia has a growing role in the education of international students (Higher Education in Australia: The Facts, 2004).

Reference list

The title moves to the author position in the reference list entry.

Higher education in Australia: the facts. (2004). Business/Higher Education Round Table.

Budget to link school spending to outcomes. (2016, May 2). The Australian. https://www.theaustralian.com.au/opinion/editorials/budget-to-link-school-spending-to-outcomes/news-story/b1b98475b68869356cc6540766d6358a

Referencing works with no date

If there is no date available use 'n.d.' (for 'no date') in both the in text citation and the reference list.

Direct quotation in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and add pages number if they are available.

"events in the late 1950s brought the sufferings of the few into the living rooms of the many" (National Museum Australia, n.d.).

Paraphrase in-text

In the late 1950s, white Australians became more aware of indigenous living conditions reported in the news (National Museum Australia, n.d.).

Reference list

National Museum of Australia. (n.d.). The fight for civil rights. https://indigenousrights.net.au/civil_rights

Referencing works "as cited in" or Secondary source

When you are referring to the ideas or words of an author who has been cited in another author's work. Provide the full reference for the book (or source) that you actually read. This is only recommended when the original source cannot be located.

Direct quotation in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the article.

Intuition is defined as, "knowledge or knowledge structures that predispose individuals to think and act in particular ways without much conscious reflection" (Torff & Sternberg, 2001, as cited in Hernandez-Romero, 2017, p. 134).

Paraphrase in-text

Include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. If referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

Knowledge structures shows that people act in particular ways… (Torff & Sternberg, 2001, as cited in Hernandez-Romero, 2017).

Torff & Sternberg (2001, as cited in Hernandez-Romero, 2017) discuss the idea that people act in a particular ways…

Reference list

Hernández-Romero, L. (2017). Re-evaluating creativity: The individual, society, and education. Palgrave Macmillan.

General rules for the reference list

• A reference list is to be included at the end of your work acknowledging all sources used.
• The word 'References' should be on a new page, centred and in bold.
• The reference list is arranged alphabetically by author family name.
• If there are multiple entries by the same author, then arrange chronologically starting with the earliest year of publication.
• If there are several authors with the same family name, then arrange alphabetically by initials.
• Where an item has no author, it is cited by its title.
• The reference list must be double-spaced and each entry should have a hanging indent on the second and subsequent lines (if applicable).
• Italicise all book titles, journal titles, volume numbers, titles of newspapers and titles of webpages and websites.

Useful abbreviations when referencing

Terms commonly used in references are shortened. Some are also used for date and page information for in-text citations.

Referencing a book with a single author

Direct quotation in-text

Place between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.

"Teachers suggest ways of looking at the new material" (Featherston, 2007, p. 61).

Paraphrase in-text

Include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. If referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

Teachers help each student with their individual interpretation of understanding (Featherston, 2007).

Featherston (2007) states that...

If multiple narrative citations are repeated within the same paragraph, the year of publication can be omitted.

Featherston also said that...

Reference list

Featherston, T. (2007). Becoming an effective teacher. Thomson Learning.

Referencing a book with two authors

Use the ampersand symbol & between author family names only when they appear in brackets. Otherwise, just use and to separate author names in the body of the text.

Direct quotation in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.

"To enhance practice, we must ..." (Borbasi & Jackson, 2015, p. 354).

Paraphrase in-text

Include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. If referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s) and also use 'and' rather than the & symbol.

... is demonstrated by the study (Borbasi & Jackson, 2015).

Borbasi and Jackson (2015) demonstrated in the study...

Reference list

Borbasi, S., & Jackson, D. (2015). Navigating the maze of research: Enhancing nursing and midwifery practice (4th ed.). Elsevier.

Referencing a book with three or more authors

Use only the first listed author family name followed by et al. and year of publication.

Direct quotation in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.

In a recent study regarding patient care, "marked improvements were crucial..." (Roy et al., 2012, p. 12).

Paraphrase in-text

Include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. If referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

The effectiveness is shown to... (Roy et al., 2012).

Roy et al. (2012) prove its effectiveness ...

Reference list

Include all authors and place an ampersand symbol & before the last author's name.

Roy, D., Baker, W., & Hamilton, A. (2012). Teaching the arts: Early childhood and primary education. Cambridge University Press.

How to reference a book with an edition number

Direct quotation and paraphrasing do not change. Only add the edition information to the reference list entry. If the book is a first edition, or no edition is stated, do not include the edition number.

Reference list

Biggs, J. (2003). Teaching for quality learning at university: What the student does (2nd ed.). Society for Research in Higher Education & Open University Press.

Referencing an ebook from an ebook database

Cite ebooks in the same way as print books.

Direct quotation in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the e-book.

"Effective classroom management ..." (Billings, 2011, p.137).

Paraphrase in-text

Include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. If referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

Sport journalism is ... (Billings, 2011).

Billings (2011) discusses sport journalism…

Reference list

Follow the same rules for citing a book, but provide a DOI or URL if stated. Do not put a full stop after the DOI or URL.

Billings, A. (2011). Sports media: Transformation, integration, consumption. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203832790

Referencing an edited book / book chapter

An edited book is usually made up of chapters written by different authors. When citing in-text, you will need to attribute the authors of the specific chapter you are referencing, NOT the editors of the entire work.

Direct quotation in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.

Shirey (2014) states "when under pressure...” (p. 866).

To quote directly from a source, use double quotation marks to enclose quotations in text. Direct quotations must be accurate. If the quotation is less than 40 words, incorporate it into the text with the quotation in double quotation marks.

Paraphrase in-text

Include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. If referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

To aid communication... (Shirley, 2014).

Shirley (2014) proves that communication…

Reference list

Editors are listed in first name initial(s) then family name order. The chapter title is not in italics, but the book title is. The pages numbers of the chapter are added in brackets after the book title with edition if applicable.

Shirley, M. (2014). Managing competing priorities. In G. M. Magee (Ed.), Nursing management: Principles and practice (2nd ed., pp. 865-872). Oncology Nursing Society.

Referencing a dictionary or encyclopedia

The same format applies to all reference works including dictionaries, thesauruses, encyclopedias and atlases.

Use organisation or editor of resource in place of author if one isn’t available.

Always use (n.d.) for non-archived (that is, regularly updated) entries online and add the date you retrieved it.

Direct quotation in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide either the author, company or organisation name and year.

Modernism is "a style and movement in art, architecture and literature popular in the early 20th century" (Oxford University Press, n.d.).

Paraphrase in-text

Include either the author, company or organisation name and year. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name, company or organisation name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name, company or organisation name.

…is described as movement (Wild, 2022)

Wild (2022) definition is…

Reference list

If the publisher is also the author then it doesn't need to be repeated in the publisher position.

Logan, C. (2012). Gothic revival. In P. Goad & J. Willis (Eds.), The Encyclopedia of Australian Architecture. Cambridge University Press.

Wild, K. (Ed.). (2022). Modernism. In Oxford dictionary (10th ed.). Oxford University Press.

Oxford University Press. (n.d.). Modernism. In Oxford learner’s dictionary. Retrieved June 6, 2022, from https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/modernism?q=modernism

Referencing a translated book

This is for books that have been translated into English.

Direct quotation in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.

"The third stage on the contrary is characterised by this discovery that names are in ourselves and come from within us" (Piaget, 1929/2007, p. 77).

Paraphrase in-text

Include the author(s) family name, year(s) of publication in brackets (include both the original year of publication, if applicable, as well as the year of publication from the source). Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year(s) of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

The study of the first stage reveals... (Piaget, 1929/2007).

Piaget (1929/2007) states that...

Reference list

Include the translator(s) after the title and add the date of original publication in brackets (if applicable) after the publication details.

Piaget, J. (2007).

The child's conception of the world (J. Tomlinson & A. Tomlinson, Trans.). Rowman & Littlefield. (Original work published 1929)

Referencing a paper from published conference proceedings

Direct quotation in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the conference proceedings. If there are three or more authors list the first family name followed by et al.

"For the data acquisition, patients were asked to perform 3 deep breath cycles with hands placed on the back of their heads" (Katashev et al., 2015, pp. 63-64).

Paraphrase in-text

Include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. If there are three or more authors list the first family name followed by et al. If referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

It is suggested that . . . (Katashev et al., 2015).

Katashev et al. (2015) state that...

Reference list

For proceedings sourced from a print book or e-book, use the same format for a book or book chapter e.g. author(s), year of publication, title of conference paper, editor(s), title of book in italics, page number(s) in brackets, publisher and DOI.

Katashev, A., Romberg, K., Danielsson, A., & Saraste, H. (2015). Application of 3D scanner for estimation of chest movement in scoliotic patients. In H. Mindedal & M. Persson (Eds.). 16th Nordic-Baltic Conference on Biomedical Engineering: 16 NBC & 10. MTD 2014 joint conferences (pp. 63-66). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12967-9

Referencing a journal article with a single author

Direct quotation in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the article.

"Legislative change is often needed to effect practice change". (Crickman, 2017, p. 73)

Paraphrase in-text

Include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

Recent studies show… (Crickman, 2017)

Crickman (2017) showed that recent studies…

Reference list

You must italicise the title of the Journal and volume number and include the DOI (digital object identifier) at the end of the reference (if one is available).

Crickman, R. (2017). Chemotherapy safe handling: Limiting nursing exposure with a hazardous drug control program. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing, 21(1), 73–78. https://doi.org/10.1188/17.CJON.73-78

Referencing a journal article with two authors

Use the ampersand symbol & between author family names only when they appear in brackets. Otherwise, just use and to separate author names in the body of the text.

Direct quotation in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the article.

This results in "patient satisfaction ..." (Yevelson-Shorsher & Bronstein, 2018, p. 30).

Paraphrase in-text

Include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s) and also use ‘and’ rather than the & symbol.

... digital literacy (Yevelson-Shorsher & Bronstein, 2018).

Yevelson-Shorcher and Bronstein (2018) take in digital literacy...

Reference list

Yevelson-Shorsher, A., & Bronstein, J. (2018). Three perspectives on information literacy in academia: Talking to librarians, faculty, and students. College & Research Libraries, 79(4), 535-553. https://doi.org/10.5860/crl.79.3.535

Referencing a journal article with three to 20 authors

Use only the first listed author family name followed by et al. and year of publication.

Direct quotation in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the article.

Studies show that "managing hospitality ..." (Sheen et al., 2020, p.1030).

Paraphrase in-text

Include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

When managing ... (Sheen et al., 2020).

Sheen et al. (2020) states that…

Reference list

List all authors (up to 20), placing an ampersand symbol & before the last name.

Sheen, J., Graj, E., Dudley, A., Wallace, B., Sutherland, S. W., Kavadas, V., Roberts, R. M., Proeve, M., Littler, S., Clark, G. I., & Dunstan, D. A. (2020). Occupational risks during clinical placement: Key stakeholder perceptions. Australian Psychologist, 55(1), 73–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12403

Referencing a journal article with 21 or more authors

Use only the first listed author family name followed by et al. and year of publication.

Direct quotation in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the article.

Research indicated that "lost sense of smell is a factor" (Khan et al., 2017, p. 344).

Paraphrase in-text

Include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

Khan et al. (2019) used criteria which included...

The criteria included in the study… (Khan et al., 2019)

Reference list

List the first 19 authors followed by three ellipsis points (...) then the last author.

Khan, A., Huynh, T. M. T., Vandeplas, G., Joish, V. N., Mannent, L. P., Tomassen P., van Zele, T., Cardell, L.O., Arebro, J., Olze, H., Forster-Ruhrmann, U., Kowalski, M. L., Olszewska-Ziaber, A., Fokkens, W., van Drunen, C., Mullol, J., Alobid, I., Hellings, P.W., Hox, V., …Bachert, C. (2019). The GALEN rhinosinusitis cohort: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps affects health-related quality of life. Rhinology, 57(5), 343-351. https://doi.org/10.4193/Rhin19.158

Referencing a newspaper article from print

Direct quotation in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the article.

Evans (2015) notes that "aspirin's miracle properties revolve around its ability to stop blood platelets clumping together, reducing the risk of heart attacks and strokes" (p. 11).

Paraphrase in-text

Include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

The results of the study indicate . . . (Evans, 2015).

Evans (2015) states that...

Reference list

Include the month and day of the article in the year field.

Evans, K. (2015, January 5). Aspirin study raises hopes for dementia prevention. The Age, 11.

Referencing a newspaper article from a newspaper webpage

Direct quotation in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the article. If no page numbers are provided, then include the paragraph number.

The officer stated that "the offender ..." (Kolovos, 2022, para. 2).

Paraphrase in-text

Include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

The project will enable 1000s of jobs to be created… (Kolovos, 2022).

Kolovos (2022) states that 1000s of new jobs will be created by the time it opens…

Reference list

Include the month and day of the article in the year field. Include the URL at the end.

Kolovos, B (2022, March 15). Gamechanger: Design unveiled for National Gallery of Victoria’s contemporary art space. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2022/mar/15/gamechanger-design-unveiled-for-national-gallery-of-victorias-contemporary-art-space

General rules for images

When any kind of visual display (other than a table) is reproduced in a work, it should be treated as a figure. This includes photographs, drawings, bar graphs, infographics and other illustrations. The reference details are displayed with the figure and also included in the reference list. APA includes the following within the definition of images and figures:

• graphs
• charts
• maps
• posters
• drawings
• photographs

General rules

• Number figures consecutively in italics throughout your work using Arabic numerals, 1, 2, 3 and so on, taking care to order them as they appear within the text.
• The first figure is labelled Figure 1, the second, Figure 2, the third, Figure 3 and so on.
• Do not label figures with suffix letters such as Figure 5a, instead use, Figure 5.1.

Above the figure include:

1. the figure number (in bold)
2. a brief title of the image (in italics)

Below the figure place a caption that includes:

1. a note providing a brief description
2. if the image is not original work, then source details from where it was derived.

If you plan to publish the work your figure/image appears in, make sure you obtain permission from the copyright holder.

Permission requirements for using images

Students using images in assignments

If you reproduce images in assignments that are submitted as part of a course, you do not need to seek permission from the copyright owner.

Students using images in assignments

If you reproduce images in work that will be published in some form, you will need to seek the permission of the copyright holder. This could include publications such a thesis, journal articles, books or book chapters, but also if used in presentations outside of the university. If images come from an online sources such as Creative Commons, they may also include licensing restrictions that you will need to comply with. A permission statement is then added at the end of the image caption.

Reprinted with permission.

Referencing an image from a book

When you reproduce images from books in your assignment, follow the instructions below.

In-text citation

When citing figures in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two places:

1. Within the written body of your paper, as you would for a normal in-text reference
2. In the figure layout include figure number, brief title above the image and notes underneath.

Refer to the figure by its assigned number.

As demonstrated in Figure 1, the light fitting... (Mueller, 2009)

Figure 1 illustrates… (Mueller, 2009)

Image layout

For an image from a book include a double-spaced caption with the following elements above the figure: label of figure in bold (e.g. Figure 1) followed by the title of the figure (in italics).

Below the figure include:

• The word Note in italics followed by brief but descriptive phrase. This helps to supplement or clarify information in the image
• Add From and then the book title in italics in title case
• Author(s) initials followed by family name, preceded with the word by
• Year of publication
• Page number(s)
• DOI (if applicable)
• Copyright year and owner

Figure 1

Hanging Lamp with Pulley

Note. Hanging lamp with pulley in nickel-plated sheet brass. From Bauhaus Women: Art, Handicraft, Design, by U. Mueller, 2009, Copyright 2009 by Flammarion.

If this image is to be used in a document that will be published, e.g. a thesis, journal article, etc., you need to first seek permission from the copyright owner before including the image. The caption would then need to include a permission statement at the end - Reproduced with permission.

Figure 1

Hanging Lamp with Pulley

Note. Hanging lamp with pulley in nickel-plated sheet brass. From Bauhaus Women: Art, Handicraft, Design, by U. Mueller, 2009, Copyright 2009 by Flammarion. Reproduced with permission.

Reference list

A full citation must be added to the reference list and formatted in the correct style of the original source, i.e. a book.

Mueller, U. (2009). Bauhaus women: Art, handicraft, design. Flammarion.

Referencing an image from a journal article

When you reproduce images from journals articles in your assignment, follow the instructions below.

In-text citation

When citing figures in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two places:

1. Within the written body of your paper, as you would for a normal in-text reference
2. In the figure layout include figure number, brief title above the image and notes underneath.

Refer to the figure by its assigned number.

As demonstrated in Figure 2, cemetery architecture at that time... (Lintel et al., 2019)

Figure 2 illustrates… (Lintel et al., 2019)

Image layout

For an image from a journal article include a double-spaced caption with the following elements above the figure: label of figure in bold (e.g. Figure 1) followed by the title of the figure (in italics).

Below the figure include:

• The word Note in italics followed by brief but descriptive phrase. This helps to supplement or clarify information in the image
• Add From and then the article title in in double quotation marks " " in title case
• Author(s) initials followed by family name, preceded with the word by
• Year of publication
• Journal title in italics
• Volume number in italics
• Issue number
• Page number(s)
• DOI
• Copyright year and owner

Figure 2

Syme Memorial

Note. Front view of the memorial displaying the column designs. From "Edwardian Melbourne and Cemetery Architecture," by J. J. Lintel, A. Corbel, and P. T. Rafter, 2019, Cemetery Art and Architecture, 20(1), p. 5. (https://doi.org/10.1030/yho0000359). Copyright 2019 by Doodle, Quiff & Co.

If this image is to be used in a document that will be published, e.g. a thesis, journal article, etc., you need to first seek permission from the copyright owner before including the image. The caption would then need to include a permission statement at the end - Reproduced with permission.

Figure 2

Syme Memorial

Note. Front view of the memorial displaying the column designs. From "Edwardian Melbourne and Cemetery Architecture," by J. J. Lintel, A. Corbel, and P. T. Rafter, 2019, Cemetery Art and Architecture, 20(1), p. 5. (https://doi.org/10.1030/yho0000359). Copyright 2019 by Doodle, Quiff & Co. Reproduced with permission.

Reference list

A full citation must be added to the reference list and formatted in the correct style of the original source, i.e. a journal article.

Lintel, J. J., Corbel, A., & Rafter, P. T. (2019). Edwardian Melbourne and cemetery architecture. Cemetery Art and Architecture, 20(1), 5-15. https://doi.org/10.1030/yho0000359

Referencing an image from a webpage

When you reproduce images webpages in your assignment, follow the instructions below.

In-text citation

When citing figures in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two places:

1. Within the written body of your paper, as you would for a normal in-text reference
2. In the figure layout include figure number, brief title above the image and notes underneath.

Refer to the figure by its assigned number.

The ceiling of the Springthorpe Memorial, as seen in Figure 3, provides a colourful contrast to the sober, neoclassical elements of the building (Light 2018).

Image layout

For a figure from a webpage, include a double-spaced caption with the following elements above the figure: label of figure in bold (e.g. Figure 3) followed by the title of the figure (in italics).

Below the figure, include

• The word Note in italics and a brief but descriptive phrase. This helps to supplement or clarify information in the image
• Title of webpage preceded with the word From
• Author(s) initials followed by family name, or institute/organisation, preceded with the word by
• Year of webpage
• URL
• copyright year and owner

Figure 3

Stained Glass Ceiling, Springthorpe Memorial

Note. Red stained glass ceiling from below. From Stained Glass Ceilings in Australian Architecture, by A. B. Light, 2018, (http://ahas.org.au/stainedglassceilings_image1). Copyright 2020 by Australian Historic Architecture Society.

If this image is to be used in a document that will be published, e.g. a thesis, journal article, etc., you need to first seek permission from the copyright owner before including the image. The caption would then need to include a permission statement at the end - Reproduced with permission.

Note. Red stained glass ceiling from below. From Stained Glass Ceilings in Australian Architecture, by A. B. Light, 2018, (http://ahas.org.au/stainedglassceilings_image1). Copyright 2020 by Australian Historic Architecture Society. Reproduced with permission.

Reference list

Light, A. B. (2018). Stained glass ceilings in Australian architecture. Australian Historic Architecture Society. http://ahas.org.au/stainedglassceilings_image1

Referencing a Creative Commons image

There are many image collection webpages that provide access to images that don’t require permission for reproduction, but they often require you to acknowledge a licence.

In-text citation

When citing figures in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two places:

1. Within the written body of your paper, as you would for a normal in-text reference
2. In the figure layout include figure number, brief title above the image and notes underneath.

Refer to the figure by its assigned number.

As shown in Figure 4, the building is an example of... (Bain, 2019).

Image layout

For a figure from a creative commons source, include a double-spaced caption with the following elements above the figure: label of figure in bold (e.g. Figure 4) followed by the title of the figure (in italics).

Below the figure, include

• The word Note in italics and a brief but descriptive phrase. This helps to supplement or clarify information in the image
• Title of the creative commons source preceded with the word From
• Author(s) initials followed by family name, or institute/organisation, preceded with the word by
• Year of image
• URL
• Copyright year and owner and Creative Commons license

Figure 4

Manchester Unity Building

Note. Showing the second-floor bay windows and the third-floor balconies integrated atop the window bays. From Detail of the Eastern Facade by S. Bain, 2009, (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Unity_Building#/media/File:Manchester_Unity_Building_east_facade_detail.jpg). Copyright by S. Bain. CC BY-SA 3.0.

Reference list

Bain, S. (2009). Detail of the eastern facade. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Unity_Building#/media/File:Manchester_Unity_Building_east_facade_detail.jpg

Referencing an image you have created yourself

A figure or image created by you and reproduced in your paper, does not need a figure. However, if the image requires more description or explanation that isn’t obvious from the title, you may wish to include a figure note. No reference list entry is required unless the figure has been published.

Referencing a webpage

Use this category only if the work does not fit better within another category, e.g., to cite a report from a website, use the reports category.

If briefly mentioning a website, your in-text citation should include the URL in brackets. You do not need to cite it again in your references list.

Beyondblue (https://www.beyondblue.org.au/) is a website supporting those with mental illness.

When a work has no identified author, cite in-text the first few words of the title and the year. If the title is italicised in the Reference List, also use italics in the in text citation. Use Title Case in the in text citation, even though sentence case is used in the Reference List.

For known organisations, an abbreviated form should be used for the second citation onwards - (World Trade Organization [WTO], 2016) then (WTO, 2016).

Direct quotation in-text

Many electronic sources do not provide page numbers, unless they are in PDF format.

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and use the name of the section and the paragraph number as part of the in-text reference.

"As the national peak body for early childhood, ECA is a regular, and trusted, contributor to the public policy debate on all matters affecting young children (birth to eight years) and their families" (Early Childhood Australia, 2016, Advocacy section, para. 1).

No author example:

"The findings suggest that an intervention..." (Researchers Replicate Famous, 2018, para. 4).

Paraphrase in-text

Include either the author, company or organisation name and year of publication in brackets.

Organisational values are defined by... (Early Childhood Australia, 2016).

No author example:

...may not predict outcomes in later life (Researchers Replicate Famous, 2018).

Reference list

If citing information is taken directly from a webpage include author(s), or if no author(s) are stated then use a company or organisation name, followed by the year in brackets, webpage title in italics, website name and URL. If no year is stated then use n.d. for no date.

Early Childhood Australia. (2016). Early Childhood Australia's advocacy: Advocacy goals. http://www.earlychildhoodaustralia.org.au/our-work/early-childhood-australias-advocacy/

No author example:

Researchers replicate famous marshmallow test, make new observations. (2018, May 25). Medical Xpress. https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-05-replicate-famous-marshmallow.html?utm_source=tabs&utm_medium=link&utm _campaign=story-tabs

Referencing a thesis viewed online

A dissertation or thesis is considered published when it is available from a database such as ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, an institutional repository, or an archive.

Direct quotation in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and include the page number(s) from the thesis.

"Contemporary design thinking is also the result of developments in design practice" (Camacho 2020).

Paraphrase in-text

Include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. If referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

It was determined that the best outcome could be… (Camacho 2020)

Camacho (2020) reported that...

Reference list

For a thesis sourced from an institutional repository, use the following format: author, year of publication in brackets, title in italics, identify the type of work and institution in square brackets e.g. [Doctoral dissertation, Swinburne University of Technology] or [Master's thesis, Swinburne University of Technology], repository/archive/database name and include a URL.

Camacho, M. (2020). An integrative model of design thinking [Doctoral dissertation, Swinburne University of Technology]. Swinburne Research Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.3/453792

For a thesis sources from a database, include the database name in place of the URL.

Kabir, J. M. (2016). Factors influencing customer satisfaction at a fast food hamburger chain: The relationship between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty (Publication No. 10169573) [Doctoral dissertation, Wilmington University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.

Referencing Australian Government Webpages

Use this category only if the work does not fit better within another category, e.g., to cite a report from a government website, use the reports category.

Individual(s) as Author

When an individual or individuals have been named as authors rather a department, then follow the usual format for authors.

Direct quotation in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and use the name of the section and the paragraph number as part of the in-text reference.

"Fruits showed greater losses than vegetables" in most states and territories... (Ambiel et al., 2019)

Paraphrase in-text

Include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. If there are three or more authors list the first family name followed by et al. If referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

Ambiel et al. (2019) found that fruits in most states and territories...

Fruits found in most states and territories… (Ambiel et al., 2019)

Reference list

Ambiel, C., Adell, A., Sanguansri, P., Krause, D., Gamage, T., Garcia-Flores, R., & Juliano, P. (2019). Mapping Australian fruit and vegetable losses pre-retail. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. https://doi.org/10.25919/5d28d8ba0fad5

Government Department as author

If there is no individual author(s), provide the specific name of the department as the author, and the 'parent' agency as the publisher.

Direct quotation in-text

Many electronic sources do not provide page numbers, unless they are in PDF format.

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and use the name of the section and the paragraph number as part of the in-text reference.

"Many schools are becoming more inclusive of young people who are same-sex attracted"... (Department of Health, 2022, para. 2)

Paraphrase in-text

Schools in Victoria are working harder at making schools more inclusive... (Department of Health, 2022)

The Department of Health (2022) states that...

Reference list

Only add a retrieval date if the contents of the page is designed to change over time.

Department of Health. (2022). Working with LGBTI children and young people. Victoria State Government. https://www.health.vic.gov.au/populations/working-with-lgbti-children-and-young-people

Referencing a blog post

Direct quotation in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the paragraph number.

"Depression can have a profound impact on affected individuals" (Mehler, 2018, para. 5).

Paraphrase in-text

Include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

The effect of depression on people can be... (Mehler, 2018)

Mehler states that the effect of depression... (2018)

Reference list

Include the following: the author(s), company or organisation name, year of publication, month, day, title of blog post, blog title (italicised) and a URL.

Mehler, D. (2018, June 2). Closing the loop for brain imaging in depression: What have we learned and where are we heading? The Official PLOS Blog. https://theplosblog.plos.org/2018/06/closing-the-loop-for-brain-imaging-in-depression-what-have-we-learned-and-where-are-we-heading-by-david-mehler/

Referencing Instagram

Please check with your teacher or lecturer whether social media and apps are considered acceptable sources to cite or not.

General Note:

• References for social media will usually include:
• The text of a post up to the first 20 words
• A description of the audiovisuals in square brackets. eg. [Image], [Infographic], [Thumbnail with link attached]
• Hashtags and links
• Add emoji names in square brackets (if emoji cannot be reproduced). Full list of emojis with names.

In-text reference will either include author, company name or organisation name and year.

Direct quotation in-text

The post describes how the software "automates all steps" (Schultz, 2017)

Paraphrase in-text

If referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

Despite rumours by media agencies, it has been confirmed that Ebola has not spread to Iraq (World Health Organization [WHO], 2015).

World Health Organization [WHO] (2015) confirmed in a tweet that the Ebola virus had not spread to Iraq despite previous suspicions.

Instagram Photo

Present the name of the individual or group author the same as you would for any other reference. Then provide the Instagram handle (beginning with the @ sign) in square brackets, followed by a full stop.

• Provide the specific date of the post.
• Provide the first 20 words of the post as the title. Count a URL, a hashtag, or an emoji as one word each, and include them in the reference if they fall within the first 20 words. Do not italicize emojis.
• Include a description of the post (e.g., "[Photo]," "[Video]") in square brackets after the title.
• Credit Instagram as the site name in the source/publisher element and then provide the URL of the photo.
• The format used for Instagram is also used for Twitter and TikTok.

Philadelphia Museum of Art [@philamuseum]. (2019, December 3). "It's always wonderful to walk in and see my work in a collection where it's loved, and where people are [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/B5oDnnNhOt4/

Instagram Video

APA Public Interest Directorate [@apapubint]. (2019, June 14). Male depression is serious, but many men try to ignore it or refuse treatment. Different men have different symptoms, but [Video]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/BysOqenB1v7/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link

Instagram Highlight

Include the description “[Highlight]” in square brackets. Provide a retrieval date because the content is designed to change over time (users can add or remove stories from the highlight) and is not archived. Provide the URL of the highlight./p>

The New York Public Library [@nypl]. (n.d.). The raven [Highlight]. Instagram. Retrieved January 6, 2020, from https://www.instagram.com/stories/highlights/17962199170163462/

Instagram Profile

Use the name of the profile page you want to cite in the title element of the reference (e.g., “Posts,” “IGTV,” “Tagged”). Include the description “[Instagram profile]” in square brackets. Provide a retrieval date because the content is designed to change over time and is not archived. Provide the URL of the page./p>

Swift, T. [@taylorswift]. (n.d.). Posts [Instagram profile]. Instagram. Retrieved January 9, 2020, from https://www.instagram.com/taylorswift

Referencing Twitter

Please check with your teacher or lecturer whether social media and apps are considered acceptable sources to cite or not.

General Note:

• References for social media will usually include:
• The text of a post up to the first 20 words
• A description of the audiovisuals in square brackets. eg. [Image], [Infographic], [Thumbnail with link attached]
• Hashtags and links
• Add emoji names in square brackets (if emoji cannot be reproduced). Full list of emojis with names.

Direct quotation in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the author/company name/organisation name and year.

In relation to the Supreme Court vacancy in the United States, Barack Obama (2016) tweeted that "it's time for Senate leaders to put politics aside and fill the Supreme Court vacancy."

Paraphrase in-text

Include either the author, company or organisation name and year of tweet in brackets.

Barack Obama (2016) tweeted his concerns over the Supreme Court vacancy.

Reference list

If citing information taken directly from a tweet include author(s), company or organisation name, followed by the Twitter handle in square brackets, include the year, month and day in brackets, followed by the first 20 words of the tweet as the title and hashtag(s) in italics, if the post contains an image or video include it in square brackets, describe the form type in square brackets e.g. [Tweet], include Twitter as the source and provide a URL to the tweet.

Obama, B. [@BarackObama]. (2016, May 18). It's time for Senate leaders to put politics aside and fill the Supreme Court vacancy #DoYourJob [Image attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/BarackObama/status/732589315478290432

Referencing Facebook

Please check with your teacher or lecturer whether social media and apps are considered acceptable sources to cite or not.

General Note:

• References for social media will usually include:
• The text of a post up to the first 20 words
• A description of the audiovisuals in square brackets. eg. [Image], [Infographic], [Thumbnail with link attached]
• Hashtags and links
• Add emoji names in square brackets (if emoji cannot be reproduced). Full list of emojis with names.

Direct quotation in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide either the author, company or organisation name and year.

"A mental hazard at work can be poor support to workers" (Australian Nursing and Midwifery Federation, 2019).

Paraphrase in-text

Include either the author, company or organisation name and year of the Facebook post in brackets.

Australian Nursing and Midwifery Federation (2020) states that workplace mental health hazards are responsible for...

Reference list

If citing information taken directly from a Facebook post include author(s) if applicable, or if no author(s) are stated then use a company or organisation name, followed by the year, month and day in brackets, include the first 20 words of the post as the title in italics, if the post contains an image or video include it in square brackets, describe the form type in square brackets e.g. [Status update], include Facebook as the source and provide a URL to the post.

Australian Nursing and Midwifery Federation. (2020, November 28). Workplace mental health hazards injure thousands of workers each year, just like physical hazards but they often fly under the [Image attached] [Status update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/AustralianNursingandMidwiferyFederation/photos/a.136188899856341/1935273223281224/

Referencing a government or corporate report

A report's author can be individual(s), a company or government department.

Direct quotation in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) of the direct quote if taken from a PDF document. Include either the author, company or government department name and year of publication.

If the document does not contain page numbers, then use the name of the section and the paragraph number as part of the in-text reference.

"For private hospitals, the recurrent expenditure data provided for 2014–15 are considered comparable with the data provided for 2010–11 to 2013–14" (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2016, p. 47).

Paraphrase in-text

Include either the author, company or government department name and year of publication in brackets.

Public hospital expenditure increased dramatically... (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2016)

Reference list

Include the author(s) if stated; otherwise add the company, organisation or government department, followed by the year of publication in brackets.

As the document is a report, the title is italicised and, if there is a report number, place it in brackets immediately after the title. If the report has been sourced online make sure to include the URL.

Only identify the publisher if they have not been identified as the author.

Winthrop, R., Ziegler, L., Handa, R., & Fakoya, F. (2019). How playful learning can help leapfrog progress in education. Center for Universal Education at Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/wpcontent/uploads/2019/04/how_playful_learning_can_help_leapfrog_progress_in_education.pdf

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2016). Hospital resources 2014–15: Australian hospital statistics (Health services series No. 71, Cat. No. HSE 176). http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=60129556122

ANZ. (2022). ANZ Annual report 2021. https://www.anz-2021-annual-report.com.au/2/

Referencing statistics from the Australian Bureau of Statistics

The first in-text citation will need to include the authoring body's name in full, followed by its abbreviation or acronym in square brackets. You can there use the abbreviation for subsequent in-text uses.

Direct quotation in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and add a page or section number.

The factor were “that the population increased due to…” (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2022, para. 3))

Paraphrase in-text

The Australian population is currently… (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2022)

ABS (2022) provide statistics that...

Reference list

Include title and catalogue number if one is available. Only include a retrieval date if the contents of the page are designed to change over time. Publisher is not required as it is the same the author.

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2019). Disability, ageing and carers, Australia: Summary of findings, 2018 (No.4430.0). http://www.abs.gov.au

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2022). Population clock. https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Web+Pages/Population+Clock

Referencing a standard from Standards Australia

Direct quotation in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the specific standard you are using.

It is the responsibility of all to ensure "workplace safety ..." (Standards Australia, 2018, p. 7).

Standards Australia (2018) states that "workplace safety ..." (p. 12).

Paraphrase in-text

Include the organisation name (for example, Standards Australia) and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the organisation name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the organisation name.

... in relation to scaffold decking (Standards Australia, 2018).

Standards Australia (2018) states that scaffold decking includes...

Reference list

Provide the title in italics, the standard number in brackets. The author and publisher are the same therefore, you do not need to include the publisher information at the end of the reference.

Standards Australia. (2018). Scaffold decking components (AS/NZS Standard No. 1577:2018).

Industry or Market Report from a Library database

If no individual(s) is listed as the author(s), use the name of the publishing database.

Direct quotation in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) of the direct quote if taken from a PDF document. Include either the author, company or government department name and year of publication.

If the document does not contain page numbers, then use the name of the section and the paragraph number as part of the in-text reference.

The solar industry in Australia includes, "the supply of electricity to the wholesale market using large-scale photovoltaic generation systems, or solar thermal systems" (Treisman, 2022, p. 3).

The brief highlights the trend that, “the rise of more casual fitness enthusiasts are reshaping the market”(Euromonitor International, 2019, para. 2).

Paraphrase in-text

Treisman (2022) provides details on the industry...

The industry outlook is looking strong due to... (Treisman, 2022)

Reference list

If the report has no author, use the name of the publishing database. If a report number is available include it in brackets after the title of the report, but not in italics. It can also be helpful to describe the type of material in brackets after the title if it's not clear. If the publisher is the same as the author, it doesn’t need to be included. Include the database login URL.

Euromonitor International. (2019, September 19). A new view on the market for protein bars [Briefing]. Passport. http://www.portal.euromonitor.com

MarketLine. (2018). Hotels & motels in New Zealand [Industry profile]. https://www.marketline.com/

Treisman, J. (2022, February). Solar electricity generation in Australia (Australian Industry (ANZSIC) Report D2619B). IBIS World. http://ibisworld.com

Referencing a video from YouTube

This can also be used for other streamed online videos such as TED Talk and Vimeo.

Direct quotation in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the person or group who uploaded the video, the year, and a timestamp for the beginning of the quotation in place of a page number from the video.

People make "sweeping inferences and judgments from body language" (Cuddy, 2012, 2:12).

Paraphrase in-text

Include the person or group who uploaded the video and year of publication in brackets. Or, if the person or group in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after.

Reference list

The person or group who uploaded the video is credited as the author even if they did not create the work. Include the video title in italics and describe the form type inside square brackets e.g. [Video]. Provide the exact URL.

Above The Noise. (2017, October 18). Can procrastination be a good thing? [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FQMwmBNNOnQ

Referencing a video from a library database

Direct quotation in-text

Author is the director, producer or someone in a similar role. Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

…as shown in Understanding aged care "it's about involving people in their care" (Kratochvil, 2012, 01:22).

Paraphrase in-text

In Understanding aged care by Kratochvil (2012), there is ...

Reference list

Include a description of the role of the author. Include the video title in italics and describe the form type inside square brackets e.g. [Video]. The publisher is the producing institution, organisation, or hosting platform. If the author and publisher are the same leave publisher section blank. Provide the URL login page.

Kratochvil, M. (Director). (2012). Understanding aged care [Video]. ClickView. https://online.clickview.com.au/

Referencing a podcast

Direct quote

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

"It was a good idea to use him again" (Webster & Abumrad, 2020, 00:15).

Paraphrasing

Include the host's family name and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the host's family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name. If there is no host listed, then use either the executive producer or producer as author instead.

Current research shows that... (Webster & Abumrad, 2020).

Webster and Abumrad (2020) comments that...

Reference list entry

List the host or executive producer in the author position and include their role in parentheses. Provide the specific date on which the podcast episode first aired. Specify the type of podcast episode in square brackets, for example: [Audio podcast], [Video podcast]. Write the word "In" and then the title of the podcast in italics. Provide the exact URL. If the URL of the podcast is unknown (e.g., if accessed via an app), omit the URL from the reference.

Webster, M., & Abumrad, J. (Hosts). (2020, September 11). Bringing gamma back, again [Audio podcast]. In Radiolab. WNYC Studios. https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/radiolab/articles/bringing-gamma-back

Referencing course material

This can include recorded lectures, class notes, materials and resources.

Examples includes PowerPoint slides, Word documents, PDFs, audio files etc. relating to lectures, classes, seminars and workshops. Treat unrecorded lectures as a personal communication.

Not all departments accept these as reference sources. Please check with your teacher or lecturer whether these are considered an acceptable source to cite.

Lecture Recording or Class Notes

Direct quotation in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " ".

"Scandinavian design demonstrates…" (Huppatz, 2022)

Paraphrase in-text

Include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

… (Huppatz, 2022)

Huppatz (2022)…

Reference list

The reference list citation should include: the author(s) name, year, month and day of lecture, title of the lecture in italics, a description of the form type inside square brackets e.g. [Lecture recording], university name and learning management software name, and a retrieval statement in the form of a URL (use the login page).

Huppatz, D. (2022, May 2). Scandinavian design [Lecture recording], Canvas@Swinburne University of Technology. https://swinburne.instructure.com/

Huppatz, D. (2022, May 2). Scandinavian design [Lecture notes], Canvas@Swinburne University of Technology. https://swinburne.instructure.com/

PowerPoint Slides

Direct quotation in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and add the slide number.

"The early to mid-1950s had been a time of great experimentation" (Finley 2022, sl. 2).

Paraphrase in-text

Include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

Furniture design changed in a number of ways in this period… (Finley 2022)

Finley (2022) states that furniture from the 1950s…

Reference list

The reference list citation should include: the author(s) name, year, month and day of lecture, title of the lecture in italics, a description of the form type inside square brackets e.g. [PowerPoint slides], university name and learning management software name, and a URL (use the login page).

Finley, G. (2022, April 4). Australian furniture design of the 1950s and 60s [PowerPoint slides]. Canvas@Swinburne University of Technology. https://swinburne.instructure.com/

Referencing education curriculum resources

The first in-text citation will need to include the authoring body's name in full, followed by its abbreviation or acronym in square brackets. You can there use the abbreviation for subsequent in-text uses.

Direct quotation in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " ". If using a PDF version include the page numbers. When citing a section from the website, use paragraph number.

(Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority [ACARA], 2014, p. 7)

(Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority [ACARA], 2014, para. 2)

Paraphrase in-text

Include the curriculum authority and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority [ACARA] (2014) states that...

The document states that… (Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority [ACARA], 2014).

Reference list

Do not abbreviate the name, but spell out in full as it appears in the source.

Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority. (2014). Foundation to year 10 curriculum: Language for interaction. http://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/english/curriculum/f-10?layout=1#cdcode=ACELA1428&level=F OR

When using multiple reports from the same website, differentiate the sources by adding a letter to the year.

Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority. (2014a). Foundation to year 10 curriculum: Language for interaction. http://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/english/curriculum/f-10?layout=1#cdcode=ACELA1428&level=F OR

Referencing legal sources

American Psychological Association Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association does not cover Australian legal material. The citation details below are based on a combination of other types of resources such as webpages to fit to an author date style for use by Swinburne students.

Act of Parliament

In-text citation

It is necessary to also state the jurisdiction (geographic area) of the legislation, either in the body of the text, or enclosed in brackets: (Cth) for Commonwealth, (Vic) for Victoria, New South Wales (NSW), Tasmania (Tas), Queensland (Qld), South Australia (SA), Western Australia (WA), Northern Territory (NT), Australian Capital Territory (ACT).

Note: Include the jurisdiction the first time the act is cited. The jurisdiction can be dropped with subsequent citations.

Direct quotation

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the title of the Act, year, jurisdiction and section number(s) (if applicable).

"A person receiving mental health services in a designated mental health service may be kept in seclusion if seclusion is necessary to prevent imminent and serious harm to the person or to another person" (Mental Health Act 2014 (Vic), s. 110).

Paraphrase

Include the title of the legislation and the year in italics if referring to an Act in the body of the text. Otherwise, place the year and section number s. (if applicable) in brackets.

According to the Victorian Mental Health Act (2014, s. 29)...

Victoria’s Mental Health Act (2014, s. 29) states that...

By virtue of s. 130.1 of the Mental Health Act 2014 (Vic)...

Reference list

The title of the legislation and year are to be italicised. Include the jurisdiction of the legislation in brackets e.g. (Cth) for Commonwealth, or the State abbreviation (see above). If a specific section of the legislation is used, this can be highlighted by using an s. for section. If the legislation is obtained from an electronic source, add a retrieval statement to the reference.

Mental Health Act 2014 (Vic) s. 115.1. http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/

Legal Cases

In-text citation

Note: Include the year with the first citation. The year can be dropped in subsequent citations.

Direct quotation

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the title of the case, year, page number, section heading (if applicable) and paragraph number.

"The Tribunal lacks the jurisdiction to consider the decisions made by the Secretary in relation to the drug Clozapine" (Drew v Minister for Health and Ageing, 2011, Held section, para. 5).

Paraphrasing in-text

When citing a Case in-text, it is necessary to include the title of the case in italics followed by the year in brackets. Alternatively, it is also acceptable to include all case details enclosed in brackets; italicise only the case title, followed by the year.

According to the case of Drew v Minister for Health and Ageing (2011)...

...(Drew v Minister for Health and Ageing, 2011).

Reference list

For court decisions the elements to include are: title of the case in italics, year in brackets, volume number, reporter abbreviation, and starting page number. If a case is obtained from an electronic database, add a URL.

Drew v Minister for Health and Ageing (2011) 56 AAR 227. http://www.westlaw.com.au/maf/wlau/app/document?docguid=I49472f517b6911e18eefa443f89988a0

Bill

Bills are treated as unpublished works and the title is not italicised.

Useful abbreviations for jurisdiction: (Cth) for Commonwealth, (Vic) for Victoria, New South Wales (NSW), Tasmania (Tas), Queensland (Qld), South Australia (SA), Western Australia (WA), Northern Territory (NT), Australian Capital Territory (ACT).

In-text citation

Include the short title of the bill, year, jurisdiction (geographic area) abbreviated, subdivision number if available.

As outlined in the Liability for Climate Change Commonwealth Bill (2020, s. 15).

Reference list

Include the short title of the bill, year, jurisdiction (abbreviated - see above), subdivision number (if relevant), URL if retrieved from a website.

Liability for Climate Change Bill 2020 (Cth). https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2020B00019

Referencing a personal communication

Personal Communications can include emails, text messages, online chats or direct messages, personal interviews, telephone conversations, live speeches, unrecorded classroom lectures, memos, letters, messages from non-archived discussion groups or online bulletin boards, and so on.

Examples

My field placement supervisor commented '. . .' (C. M. Burns, personal communication, July 3, 2015).

The details of . . . were confirmed by email (J. Merrick, personal communication, April 25, 2014).

When citing in-text, include the author first name initial(s) followed by their family name, and a precise date of when the communication took place.

Referencing generative AI content such as ChatGPT

First confirm with your course teacher or lecturer if you are permitted to use ChatGPT or other generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools for your assignments.

For many referencing styles there are no specific guidelines for citing ChatGPT or other generative AI. Content from generative AI is a not recoverable source as it can't be retrieved or linked, so it is best cited as personal communications. APA doesn’t require personal communication references to be included in your reference list. Cite them in-text only.

Provide the name of the source and the date the AI was accessed.

In-text citation

(Communicator, personal communication, Month Day, Year)

(Paraphrase from OpenAI's ChatGPT AI language model, personal communication, March 21, 2023).

This information is based on ChatGPT and other generative AI tools by the University of Queensland and is subject to change.

Referencing a work with no DOI

Direct quotation in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the article. If no pages are stated, then include the section heading and paragraph number.

It was note that, "Psychological factors can have a major impact on breathing" (Marshall, K., 2020, What is breathlessness?, para. 8).

Paraphrase in-text

Include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

Difficult breathing can be due to a number of different conditions... (Marshall, 2020)

Marshall (2020) indicates that breathing difficulties...

Reference list

If the journal article has no URL but it came from the web, include the URL.

Marshall, K. (2020). Breathlessness: Causes, assessment and non-pharmacological management. Nursing Times, 116(9), 24-26. https://www.nursingtimes.net/clinical-archive/respiratory-clinical-archive/breathlessness-causes-assessment-and-non-pharmacological-management-2-10-08-2020/

If it is from a print journal, just include the other elements for a journal article as you usually would.

Beaudoin, K. M., Knuth, R., & Benner, G. J. (2008). Social validation of services for youth with emotional and behavioral disorders: A comparative study. International Journal of Special Education, 23(1), 1-7.

Consulting the full AGCL4 guide

The Australian Guide to Legal Citation 4th Edition (AGLC4) referencing style uses footnotes and a bibliography and is widely used by law professionals. It is the standard style guide used by Swinburne Law School for assessment purposes.

The Australian Guide to Legal Citation 4th edition (AGLC4) is published and distributed by the Melbourne University Law Review Association Inc., in collaboration with the Melbourne Journal of International Law Inc. Please refer to the guide https://law.unimelb.edu.au/mulr/aglc/about for further examples and details.

To see examples of papers published using AGLC4, see recent articles in Melb Uni Law Rev.

If you wish to cite a source which is not included in the full AGLC 4^th edition, try to stick to the golden rules of AGLC; clarity and consistency. Also, a logical variation might be required due to your intended audience.

When and how to footnote Rule 1.1.1

• To provide authority for a proposition, to acknowledge a source that is relevant to an argument and to indicate how it is relevant
• To provide information that enables the retrieval of sources and quotes and other information that is not appropriate to include in the text
• You should provide a footnote when citing a direct quotation, if not included in the text
• The first occurrence of a citation should appear in full (see Short Titles Rule 1.4.4)
• Superscript numbers indicating a footnote should generally appear at the end of a sentence, but can be used after the relevant text for purposes of clarity (Rule 1.1.2)
• See Rule 1.2 for guidance on using introductory signals for a source in a footnote
• A full stop should appear at the end of all footnotes (Rule 1.1.4)
• A full stop is not used in a bibliography
• Pinpoints are not used in a bibliography
• See Rule 1.3 for examples of citing sources referring to other sources, a table and examples are provided
• If a case name is included in the text, the corresponding footnote need only include the citation to the case and if required, a pinpoint.

Example

Thaler³ is one of a series of “DABUS”⁴ test cases being brought around the world.⁵

³ Thaler v Commissioner of Patents [2021] FCA 879.
⁴ “DABUS” is the name of an AI system. It stands for “a device for the autonomous bootstrapping of unified sentience”.
⁵ The website of The Artificial Inventor Project, which is supporting Dr Thaler’s patent applications, lists applications for two inventions in at least 17 jurisdictions: The Artificial Inventor, Patents and Applications <https://artificialinventor.com/patent-applications/>.

Multiple sources in footnotes Rule 1.1.3

• A semi-colon is used to separate multiple sources within a footnote
• Use a new sentence when using a different signal to introduce a source
• See Rule 1.2 for examples of introductory signals.

Example

⁶ Gary Edmond, ‘Forensic Science Evidence and the Conditions for Rational (Jury) Evaluation’ (2015) 39(1) Melbourne University Law Review 77, 125–7. This commitment to ‘rationality’ is drawn from ss 55–6 of the Uniform Evidence Law and the definition of ‘probative value’ in s 3. The Uniform Evidence Law is the collection of the Evidence Act 1995 (Cth); Evidence Act 2011 (ACT); Evidence Act 2004 (Norfolk Island); Evidence Act 1995 (NSW); Evidence (National Uniform Legislation) Act 2011 (NT); Evidence Act 2001 (Tas); Evidence Act 2008 (Vic).

Pinpoint references Rule 1.1.6 – 1.1.7

A pinpoint reference is a reference to a specific page, paragraph, footnote or other section of a source.

• A pinpoint reference to a page should appear as a number – do not use ‘p’ or ‘pg’
• A pinpoint reference to a paragraph should appear as a number in square brackets
• Multiple pinpoint references to the same source should be separated by a comma
• A pinpoint reference to a footnote within a source see details in Rule 1.1.6
• See Rules 3.1.4-3.1.5 for legislation pinpoint details
• See Rule 2.2.5 for pinpoint details for cases.

Examples

¹ Universal Music Australia Pty Ltd and Others v Sharman License Holdings Ltd and Others (2005) 220 ALR 1, 3.
…
³² Roadshow Films Pty Ltd v iiNet Ltd (2012) 248 CLR 42, 48 [42].
…
⁵⁶ See Supreme Court Rules 1987 (SA), r 84.05(2).
…
⁸² See Bankruptcy Act 1966 (Cth), ss 55 and 115.

Subsequent references Rule 1.4

• When citing a source that you have previously cited, a shortened form of the citation may be used with a cross reference in brackets to the footnote number preceded by n or ibid if it is the previous footnote
• Short titles are shortened forms of a title in a source, they are enclosed in inverted commas and parentheses after the initial citation in a footnote or in text.

Examples

¹ Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, opened for signature 28 July 1951, 189 UNTS 150 (entered into force 22 April 1954) art 1A(2) ('Convention').
…
⁵ Convention (n 1) art 2B.
…
⁴⁸ Adrian Coorey, Australian Consumer Law (LexisNexis Butterworths, 2014) 22.
…
⁵⁴ Coorey (n 48) 46.
…
⁷² Defamation Act 2005 (Vic) s 37.
⁷³ Ibid s 38.

Legal abbreviations

• Legal abbreviations for English language legal publications, from the British Isles, the Commonwealth and the United States can be accessed via the Cardiff University database
• Appendix A: Law Report Abbreviations in AGLC 4^th  edition (AGLC4).

Case law general rules

• Party names are italicised
• Where parties are individuals, given names and initials are omitted and v is pronounced ‘and’
• Where a party is a business corporation or firm, abbreviations such as Co (company), Ltd (Limited), and Pty (proprietary) are used
• Where the Crown is the first named party, Rex (the ‘King’) or Regina (the ‘Queen’) is abbreviated to ‘R’, v is pronounced ‘against’
• Where the Crown is the respondent ‘The King’ or ‘The Queen’ is written in full
• Cite only the first action of a case when there is more than one

Reported decisions Rule 2.2

Format

Case name (Year) Volume Report series     Starting page

• Law report series are abbreviated
• The first page of the case should appear after the series details
• Parentheses ( ) are used for the year (mostly but not always) of the case in which it was reported and when the report series is organised by volume
• Square brackets [ ] are used when the law report series is organised by year
• The authorised version of the report should always be used when available, see Rule 2.2, which includes a table of the preferential order of reported cases. See Rule 2.2.3 for a list of the most commonly used Australian authorised reports.

Examples

Unreported decisions Rule 2.3

Format

Case Name [Year] Court Judgment number

• Unreported decisions should only be cited where there is no report available
• Unreported decisions utilise a ‘medium neutral citation’ that does not depend on a publisher or medium
• Unreported decisions without a medium neutral citation allocated by the court, should be cited differently, see Rule 2.3.2
• The party names are listed first and italicised
• The year is enclosed in square brackets “[ ]”
• Court identifiers are abbreviated. For example, HCA is used for the High Court of Australia, see table in Rule 2.3.1 and Appendix B
• Judgment numbers are commonly used, these are applied by the relevant court.

Examples

Legislation Rules 3.1 – 3.9

Format

Title Year (Jurisdiction) Pinpoint

• Title of the act and the year in which the act was passed appear in italics Rule 3.1
• The jurisdiction is abbreviated and within parenthesis ‘( )’
• Titles and the year of bills are not italicised Rule 3.2
• Delegated legislation, regulations, rules and orders should be cited in the same manner as primary legislation, with specific abbreviations as shown in Rule 3.4
• See Rule 3.6 for how to cite Australian Constitutions
• See Rule 3.7 when citing explanatory memoranda, statements and notes
• See Rule 3.9 when citing gazettes, orders, rulings of government instrumentalities, delegated legislation to non-govt entities and court practice materials
• See Rule 3.1.3 for abbreviations for Australian jurisdictions.

Examples

³ Climate Change Act 2017 (Vic) pt 5 div 2 s 37.
…
²² Australian Constitution s 51 (xxxi).


Carer Recognition Bill 2010 (Cth)

Explanatory Memorandum, Adoption Amendment Bill 2013 (Tas)

Fire and Emergency Services Levy Regulation 2017 (NSW)

Police Pensions Ordinance 1958 (ACT)

Books Rule 6

• The name of the author should appear exactly as it does in the source, see Rule 4.1
• Rule 4.1.2 for multiple authors; use and, when citing 2 or 3 authors, 4 or more, use et al
• Rule 4.1.4 for organisational authors
• Titles should appear as on the original source and in italics for books (Rule 6.2)
• A brief version of the publisher’s name should appear in parenthesis after the title and followed by a comma, an edition if not the 1^st, then a comma and then year
• For a bibliography entry, an author’s first name and surname should be inverted and separated with a comma see Rule 1.13
• When citing a chapter in an edited book, list the author and enclose the title of the chapter in single inverted commas, do not italicise the chapter title, include a starting page Rule 6.6.1.
• Use Rule 6.7 for translated books

Examples

³³ Mathew Rimmer, Intellectual Property and Biotechnology: Biological Inventions (Edward Elgar, 2008) ch 5.
³⁴ Patrick George et al, Social Media and the Law (LexisNexis, 3^rd ed, 2020) 102.
³⁵ Belinda Bennett (ed), Globalization and Health (Springer, 2008) 225-226.
³⁶ Damien J Cremean, Michael H Whitten and Michael F Sharkey, Brooking on building contracts: the law and practice relating to building and engineering agreements (Lexis Nexis Butterworths, 5^th  ed, 2014).

Australian Law Reform Commission, Family Violence: a Legal Response: Summary Report (Australian Law Reform Commission, 2010)

Bodkin, Colin, Patent Law in Australia (Thomson Reuters, 2^nd  ed, 2014)

Chafetz, Michael, Intellectual Disability: Criminal and Civil Forensic Issues, (Oxford University Press, 2015)

Manne, Geoffrey A and Joshua D Wright (eds), Competition Policy and Patent Law under Un-certainty Regulating Innovation, (Cambridge University Press, 2011)

Sundahl, Mark D, ‘Legal status of spacecraft’ in Ram S. Jakhu and Paul Stephen Dempsey (eds), ‘Routledge Handbook of Space Law’ (Taylor & Francis, 2016) 42

Journal articles Rule 5

Format

Author(s), ‘Title’ (2012) Vol(Issue) Journal, Starting Page

• The name(s) of the author(s) should appear exactly as in the source material
• The title of the article appears within single quotation marks (un-italicised)
• The year appears in parenthesis
• For journals organised by number, the volume number should follow the year
• The full title of the journal as appears on the title page should be in italics
• Do not use abbreviations for titles (use ‘Australian Law Review’ not ALR)
• For a bibliography, list the surname first, listed in alphabetical order by surname
• If there are more than three authors, list the first named author followed by ‘et al’
• Pinpoints if required appear after the starting page and a comma and only in a footnote.

Examples

³ Benjamen Franklen Gussen, 'On the Constitutionality of Hard State Border Closures in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic' (2021) 35(1) Journal of Law and Health, 1, 43.
⁴ Gary Edmond et al, ‘Law’s Looking Glass: Expert Identification Evidence Derived from Photographic and Video Images’ (2009) 20 Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 337.
⁵ Amanda Scardamaglia, ‘Reflecting on the Trade Marks Act 1995 (Cth)’ (2022) 96 Australian Law Journal, 36, 40.

Scardamaglia, Amanda, ‘Reflecting on the Trade Marks Act 1995 (Cth)’ (2022) 96 Australian Law Journal, 36

Reports and similar document Rule 7.1

Format

Author, Title (Document Type/Series no Document Number, Full Date) Pinpoint.

• If there is an author, cite according to Rule 4.1
• Refer to Rule 7.1.2 for Parliamentary Papers, Committee Reports, Bills Digests and Alert Digests
• Refer to Rule 7.1.3 for Royal Commission Reports
• Refer to Rule 7.1.4 for Law Reform Commission Reports

Examples

¹ Atlassian Corporation, Atlassian Annual Report 2021 (Report, 2021) F-51.
…
⁹ Australian Law Reform Commission, Essentially Yours: The Protection of Human Genetic Information (Report No 96, March 2003) 520 (‘ALRC’).

Australian Bureau of Statistics Rule 7.1.5

• Author cited as ‘Australian Bureau of Statistics’
• Document type is ‘Catalogue’ and cite catalogue number.

Example

⁴Australian Bureau of Statistics, Prisoners in Australia, 2021 (Catalogue No 4517.0, 9 December 2021).

Conference papers and similar documents Rule 7.2.4

• Do not include ordinal numbers. Geographical locations of conferences only included if part of the title
• Follows rules for books and or journals if published as such.

Examples

⁵ Jacqueline Campbell, 'When Family Law Meets Bankruptcy' (Seminar Paper, Law Institute of Victoria, 17 February 2015).
…
¹⁷ Ian Mutton, 'Extra-Territoriality: A Case Study' (Conference Paper, International Trade Law Conference, 29 May 1997).

Newspapers Rule 7.11

Format

Author ‘Title’, Newspaper, (Place) Date, Pinpoint

• The title of the article should appear un-italicised within single quotation marks
• The title of the paper should be italicised
• The place of publication is in parenthesis
• The full date is noted
• When the citation appears in a bibliography, list the surname first with no pinpoint
• For news articles online, only use a pinpoint if there are page numbers or paragraphs, add ‘online’ before the date and include a URL if useful for finding the source, enclosed in point brackets < >.
• Cite periodical articles as you would journal articles Rule 5 if possible, but if not, use the rules in this section to guide you.
• See Rule 7.4 for Media and Press Releases.

Examples

⁷ Melissa Davey ‘Call to ban vaping for young Australians after review concludes it causes ‘acute lung injury’’ Guardian, (online, Thu 7 Apr 2022) https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/apr/07/call-to-ban-vaping-for-young-australians-after-review-concludes-it-causes-acute-lung-injury.
…
⁸⁹ Rose Healy, Letter to the editor, The Herald Sun (Melbourne, 10 June 2002) 16.
…
⁹² Jill Lepore, ‘The History Test’ (27 March 2017) The New Yorker 66.
…
¹²³ ASX, 'ASX Selects Distributed Ledger Technology to Replace CHESS' (Media Release, 7 December 2017) 1.

Tingle, Laura, ‘Norway fund ponders dumping coal’, The Australian Financial Review, (Sydney), 24 February 2015

Course material

Cite lectures and other similar materials as speeches, Rule 7.3

Author, ‘Title’ (Speech, Institution/Forum, Full Date) Pinpoint

Example

²⁷ Maya Borom, ‘Introduction to Judicial Reasoning’ (LAW20041 Lecture, Swinburne University Law School, 18 January 2022).

Audio visual resources Rule 7.14

Format

‘Episode Title’, Film Title/Series Title (Version Details, Studio/Production Company/Producer, Year) Pinpoint.

• Titles are in italics and follow Rule 4.2 and names adhere to Rule 6.3.1
• Pinpoint references should be to a point in time or time span in the recording, see Rules 1.11.2-1.11.4
• Recordings on social media platforms such as Youtube should follow Rule 7.16
• A URL is only included if it aids retrieval
• See Rule 7.14.2 for video, Rule 7.14.3 for television series and 7.14.4 for podcasts and radio segments.

Examples

³ In My Blood it Runs (Sentient.Art.Film, 2020) 0:34:03.
…
²² 'Vape Haze: The new addiction of vaping', Four Corners (Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 2022) 0:12:47-0:13:33 <https://www.abc.net.au/4corners/vape-haze:-the-new-addiction-of-vaping/13949378>.
…
⁷² ‘Working Remotely with Paul O’Halloran and Rachel Setti’, BenchTV (Benchmark Production, 2022).

Podcasts and radio segments Rule 7.14.4

Format

Broadcaster, ‘Title of segment’, Name of program, Full date (Name of speaker)

• List the name of the broadcaster first
• Enclose the title of the segment in single quotation marks
• Italicise the name of the program
• List the full date of the program
• The name of the speaker unless is included unless otherwise apparent and is enclosed in parenthesis
• A URL may be included after the speaker’s name where the transcript is available online, enclosed in pointed brackets.

Examples

⁵ ABC Radio National, ‘Using evidence obtained in search warrants’, The Law Report, 3 February 2015, (Damian Carrick) <http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/lawreport/surfers-paradise/6028122#transcript>.
…
⁹ 'Michael Bradley Unpacks Australia’s Defamation Laws', Spin Cycle (Three Triple R, 9 June 2022) <https://www.rrr.org.au/on-demand/segments/spin-cycle-michael-bradley-unpacks-australias-defamation-laws>.

Internet Materials Rule 7.15

Author, ‘Document title’, Web Page Title (Document Type, Full Date) pinpoint <URL>.

Examples

²² Victorian State Government Department of Health, 'Medically supervised injecting room' Health.vic (26 September 2019), <https://www.health.vic.gov.au/aod-treatment-services/medically-supervised-injecting-room >.
²³ Australian Academy of Science, ‘Academy warns of climate risk to Australia’ (Press Release, 16 February 2015) <https://www.science.org.au/news/academy-warns-climate-risks-australia>.

Social media posts Rule 7.16

• The username should appear as it does on the platform
• Omit title if no title is present
• Include date, time and time zone.

Examples

⁵ Public Record Office Victoria, ‘Charles Troedel Archive: 19th century advertising’ (Youtube, 21 June 2022) <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GacFeiNQ2BI>.

…
¹⁷ chapteriiibestbits (Instagram, 21 July 2016 AEST) <https://www.instagram.com/p/BIICBevgk31/>.

…
²² @rachael_burgin (Rachael Burgin) (Twitter, May 25, 2021, 7:18am AEST) <https://twitter.com/rachael_burgin/status/1396938584322678785>.

Parliamentary papers

• See Rule 7.2.3 for research papers, notes and briefs
• See Rule 7.5.1 for Debates and & 7.5.2 for submissions to inquiries etc.
• For Evidence to Parliamentary Committees, see Rule 7.5.3.

Examples

³³ Amanda Biggs, ‘Medicare: A Quick Guide’ (Research Paper, Parliamentary Library, Parliament of Australia, 12 July 2016).
…
⁴⁷ Commonwealth, Parliamentary Debates, Senate, 7 February 2017, 39 (George Brandis, Attorney-General).
⁴⁸ Victoria, Parliamentary Debates, Legislative Council, 14 December 2017, 6854.
…
⁵² Ambulance Victoria, Submission No 208 to Law Reform, Road and Community Safety Committee, Parliament of Victoria, Inquiry into Drug Law Reform (24 March 2017).
…
⁵⁵ Evidence to House Standing Committee on Tax and Revenue, Parliament of Australia, Canberra, 30 November 2016, 2 (Peter Strong).

ChatGPT and other generated AI content

Format

Output from Program Name, Creator to Recipient, Full date.

• Discursive text may be used in the footnote to provide information about the prompts used to generate the output, in accordance with rule 1.1.5.
• An appendix may be used in order to provide comprehensive information about the series of prompts and outputs used to generate the output.

Examples

¹ Output from ChatGPT, OpenAI to John Smith, 23 February 2023.

² Output from ChatGPT, OpenAI to John Smith, 23 February 2023. The output was generated in response to the prompt, ‘Provide an overview of the creation of the Australian Guide to Legal Citation’: see below Appendix A.

Theses and dissertations Rule 7.2.5

• Indicate the degree as document type
• Include full name of institution but not department.

Example

²⁶ Mitchell Adams, ‘Empirical Studies of Non-Traditional Signs in Australian Trade Mark Law’ (PhD Thesis, Swinburne University, 2022).

Dictionaries and encyclopedias Rules 7.6 and 7.7

Examples

⁶³ Encyclopaedic Australian Legal Dictionary (online at 20 February 2018) ‘default judgment’ (def 1).
...
⁷² LexisNexis, Halsbury’s Laws of Australia, vol 15 (at 25 May 2009) 235 Insurance, ‘2 General Principles’ [235-270].
…
⁸¹ Westlaw AU, The Laws of Australia (online at 15 February 2018) 2 Administrative Law, '2.3 Access to Information' [2.3.10].

Treaties Rule 8

Format

Treaty Title, Parties’ Names, Date Opened for Signature or Date Signed, Treaty Series (Date of Entry into Force) Pinpoint.

• Treaty title is in italics and as appears on the first page
• Do not include procedural components
• Punctuation as Rule 1.6 and capitalisation as Rule 1.7
• Do not include names of parties after the title for multilateral treaties of more than three parties
• Use conventional shortened names of states’ parties.

Example

¹² Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, opened for signature 9 December 1948, 78 UNTS 277 (entered into force 12 January 1951) art 2.