About the Chicago B author-date referencing style

Chicago style has both a notes and bibliography system (Chicago A) and an author-date system (Chicago B). This guide will only deal with the Chicago B author-date referencing style.

The Chicago B referencing style requires that all sources are cited in the text, usually in parentheses, by the author’s last (family) name, the publication date of the work cited, and a page number if needed, with a corresponding complete Reference List arranged alphabetically by author.

The information in this guide is taken from the Chicago Manual of Style Online 18^th edition (also known as CMOS 18). Please refer to this guide for further examples.

General referencing rules and exceptions

Basics of an in-text citation

• A citation in the text usually appears in parentheses and includes only the first two elements in a reference list—the author and the year of publication, with no intervening punctuation. A page number or other locator may be added, following a comma.

• Two or more references inside single brackets can be separated by semicolons. The order in which they are given may depend on what the order in which they are being cited, or it may reflect the relative importance of the items. If neither criterion applies, use either alphabetical or chronological as appropriate.

• In text citations, where reference is usually to a particular passage in a book or journal, only the page numbers pertaining to that passage are given.

  (Arnold and Malanski 1989; Begal 1989; Spockett and Black 1985)

• Additional works by the same author(s) are cited by date only, separated by commas except where page numbers are required.

  (Williams 1967, 1975; Beckett 1989a, 1989b)
  (Tuong 1999, 328; 2000, 475; Emprari 1998, 67)

• Additional references prefaced by “see also” follow any other references.

  (Jobe et al. 2006; see also Bolle et al. 2008; Ruhn et al. 2009)

Basics of the Reference list

• Full details of sources used appear in the Reference List.

• The year of publication appears immediately after the author or authors’ names.

• The elements making up an entry in the Reference List are separated by periods or full stops.

• The reference list is alphabetized by the first-listed author’s family name (and the author’s name is usually inverted i.e. last name/family name first).

• Each Reference List entry should have a corresponding in-text citation.

Referencing a work with no listed author

Paraphrasing in-text

The Assistant Treasurer wants to end briefings with PwC because they leaked confidential tax plans to help their multinational clients avoid tax. (The Age 2023)

Direct quote in-text

“Assistant Treasurer Stephen Jones has threatened to end confidential briefings …” (The Age 2023)

Reference list

If a newspaper article is unsigned (no author) then the title of the newspaper stands in place of the author.

Title of newspaper. Year. “Article title.” Month Day, Year.

Reference list example

The Age. 2023. “PwC 'on notice' after secret tax plans leak.” January 24, 2023.

Reference a work without a known date

Paraphrasing in-text

If there is no date available use 'n.d.' (for 'no date') in both the in-text citation and the reference list.

In the late 1950s, white Australians became more aware of indigenous living conditions reported in the news (National Museum Australia, n.d.).

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and add pages number if they are available.

"events in the late 1950s brought the sufferings of the few into the living rooms of the many" (National Museum Australia, n.d.).

Reference list

Author. (n.d.). Title. URL.

Reference list Example

National Museum of Australia. (n.d.). The fight for civil rights. https://indigenousrights.net.au/civil_rights

Referencing an indirect citation or secondary source

Citing a publication that is citing the work of another publication is discouraged as you are expected to follow up and examine the original work being cited. However, if the original source is unavailable, mention the original author and date in your text. Then in the reference list you only list the source that you have read. Don’t cite the original source in your reference list if you haven’t read it yourself.

Paraphrasing in-text

In Louis Zukofsky’s “Sincerity and Objectification,” from the February 1931 issue of Poetry magazine (quoted in Costello 1981) ...

Direct quote in-text

Zukofsky writes “In sincerity shapes appear concomitants of word combinations, precursors of (if there is continuance) completed sound or structure, melody or form” (Zukofsky 1931, as cited in Costello 1981)

Reference list

Author's Lastname, Firstname. "Title of Original Work Quoted Material is from." Title of Original Journal Quoted Material is from. volume, no. issue number (Year): page. Quoted in FirstAuthor's Firstname Lastname and SecondAuthor's Firstname Lastname. Title of Work Containing Quoted Material. Publisher, Year, xx.

Reference list examples

Rogers, John. “Theoretical Issues in the Study of Crime.” Criminology Review 30, no. 2 (2006): 21. Quoted in Sara Townsend and Helen White. Youth Justice. New York: Random House, 2008, 56.

Costello, Bonnie. 1981. Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Standard abbreviations

A list of acceptable, commonly used abbreviations can be found in the Chicago Manual of Style. Some of the most often used are listed below:

&	and
et al.	and others
app.	appendix
chap.	chapter
(ed.).	edition
(2nd ed.).	second edition
(Rev. ed.).	revised edition
(Ed.). / (Eds.).	Editor / Editors
(n.d.)	no date
no. / nos.	number / numbers
sec.	section
ser.	series
suppl.	supplement
trans.	translator / translators
vol. / vols.	volume / volumes

Referencing a book with a single author

Paraphrasing in-text

(Author’s Family Name Year of publication)

Total Quality Management seeks to strengthen customer satisfaction by improving procedures, with continuous improvement and monitoring (Webb 2008).

Direct quote in-text

Page number(s) should be included when using a direct quote. Add a comma then the page number(s) after the author's name and year.

(Author’s Family Name Year of publication, page number)

According to Webb (2008, 22), Total Quality Management "... placed strong emphasis on good and visionary leadership, with management being responsible for initiating change".

(Yu 2020, 45)

Reference list

Chicago does not require a place of publication for books published after 1900.

If no author is listed, use the name of the editor, translator, compiler, or composer. Place the relevant abbreviation after the name: ed., eds., trans., comp., or comps. Abbreviations for editor (ed.) or translator (trans.) are not included in in-text citations but are included in the reference list.

Author's Family Name, Given Name. Year. Title of Book: Subtitle of Book. Publisher's Name.

Reference list examples

Yu, Charles. 2020. Interior Chinatown. Pantheon Books.

Bell, Adam, and Charles Traub, eds. 2015. Vision Anew: The Lens and Screen Arts. University of California Press.

Referencing a book with two or three authors

Paraphrasing in-text

List up to three authors in both the citation and the reference list. Use and to separate author names in the body of the text. Use the ampersand symbol & between author family names only when they appear in brackets. For two authors, include First Author’s Family Name and Second Author’s Family Name, Year of Publication, Page or Pages. Abbreviations for editor (ed.) or translator (trans.) are included in the reference list but not in in-text citations.

... is demonstrated by the study (Borbasi & Jackson 2015).

Borbasi and Jackson (2015) demonstrated in the study…

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.

"To enhance practice, we must ..." (Borbasi & Jackson 2015, 354).

(Smith 2016, 315–16)

(Binder and Kidder 2022, 117–18)

Reference list

Surname, First name and First name Surname. Year. Title of the book in italics. Edition (if applicable). Publisher.

Reference list example

Borbasi, S., and D. Jackson. 2015. Navigating the maze of research: Enhancing nursing and midwifery practice. 4^th ed. Elsevier.

Binder, Amy J., and Jeffrey L. Kidder. 2022. The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today. University of Chicago Press.

Referencing a book with four or more authors

Paraphrasing in-text

For four or more authors, in the in-text citation list only the first author’s family namefollowed by et al. and year of publication. All the authors appear in the reference list.

The effectiveness is shown to… (Roy et al. 2012).

Roy et al. (2012) prove its effectiveness ...

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " "

(Author’s Family Name et. al. Year of publication, page number)

In a recent study regarding patient care, "marked improvements were crucial ... " (Roy et al. 2012, p. 12).

Reference list

List all authors in the reference list entry. List authors in the order in which they appear in the source. The first-listed name is inverted - Family Name, Given Name. The rest of the following names are written as - Given Name Family Name.

Reference list example

Enwezor, Okwui, Nancy Condee, Terry Smith, Antonio Negri, Geeta Kapur, and Rosalind Krauss. 2008. Antinomies of Art and Culture: Modernity, Postmodernity, Contemporaneity. Durham: Duke University Press.

Referencing a chapter of an edited book

Paraphrasing in-text

An edited book is usually made up of chapters written by different authors. When citing in-text, you will need to attribute the authors of the specific chapter you are referencing, NOT the editors of the entire work. Include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. If referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

Issues arise from making political decisions under scientific uncertainty (Fermann 1997).

Fermann (1997) scrutinizes a range of political problems inherent in the issue of climate change …

Direct quote in-text

In the text, cite specific pages, then in the reference list, include the page range for the chapter or part.

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.

"American literature has contributed to shaping modern society ..." (Thoreau 2016, 178).

Reference list: edited book

In some cases, you may want to cite the collection as a whole instead.

Surname, First name, ed. Year. Title of the book in italics. Edition (if applicable). Publisher.

Reference list example: edited book

Fermann, Gunnar, ed. 1997. International politics of climate change: key issues and critical actors. Scandinavian University Press.

Reference list: chapter from edited book

Chapter Author’s Family Name, Given Name. Year. "Title of Chapter." In Title of Book, edited by Editor's Given name Family name, chapter page range. Publisher's Name.

Reference list example: chapter from edited book

Thoreau, Henry David. 2016. “Walking.” In The Making of the American Essay, edited by John D’Agata, 167–95. Graywolf Press.

Doyle, Kathleen. 2023. “The Queen Mary Psalter.” In The Book by Design: The Remarkable Story of the World’s Greatest Invention, edited by P. J. M. Marks and Stephen Parkin. University of Chicago Press.

Referencing a book with an edition number

Reference list

The in-text citation does not change, only add the edition information to the reference list entry.

Include the edition number followed by the abbreviation "ed." after the book title. Other types of editions may include revised edition rev. ed, and Asia-Pacific ed. An edition number is not included for first editions as there is no need to include edition information if no edition number is mentioned in the book.

Author's Family Name, Given Name. Year. Title of Book: Subtitle of Book. Edition. Publisher's Name.

Reference list example

Lester, Paul Martin. 2020. Visual Communication: Images with Messages. 8th ed. Lex Publishing.

Referencing an ebook

Paraphrasing in-text

Include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. If referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

(Author’s Family Name Year of publication)

Sport journalism is ... (Billings 2011).

Billings (2011) discusses sport journalism…

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the e-book. Add a comma then the page number(s) after the author's name and year. If there are no page numbers in the ebook, use chapter numbers or section headings (or simply omit).

(Author’s Family Name Year of publication, page number)

“Effective classroom management ..." (Billings 2011, p.137).

Reference list

If the ebook can only be accessed with an account login, provide the database name (for example ProQuest Ebook Central). For other ebooks provide the URL or DOI (Digital Object Identifier), or name the application (e.g. BorrowBox), device (e.g. Kindle), or file format used (e.g. PDF).

Author’s Family Name, Author’s Given Name. Year of Publication. Title: Subtitle. Publisher’s Name. DOI, URL, Application, Device, or File Format.

Reference list example

Borel, Brooke. 2023. The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking. 2nd ed. University of Chicago Press. EBSCOhost.

Scott, Clive. 1999. The Spoken Image: Photography and Language. Reaktion. Kindle ebook.

Tolstoy, Leo. 1998. Anna Karenina. Translated by Constance Garnett. Project Gutenberg. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1399/1399-h/1399-h.htm.

Referencing a translated book

Paraphrasing in-text

Include the author(s) family name and the year(s) of publication in brackets.

The study of the first stage reveals ... (Piaget 1929).

Piaget (1929) explores how children reason as well as their notion of reality …

Direct quote in-text

For books that have been translated into English, include the translator’s name in the reference list entry however do not include it in the in-text citations. Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.

"The third stage on the contrary is characterised by this discovery that names are in ourselves and come from within us" (Piaget 1929, p. 77).

Reference list

In the reference list the edited, compiled, or translated work of one author is normally listed with the author’s name appearing first and the name(s) of the editor(s), compiler(s), or translator(s) appearing after the title, preceded by edited by or ed., compiled by or comp., or translated by or trans. Note that the plural forms eds. and comps. are never used in this position. Edited by and the like are usually spelled out in bibliographies but abbreviated in-text.

If a translator as well as an editor is listed, the names should appear in the same order as on the title page of the book. When the title page has phrases like “Edited with an Introduction and Notes by” or “Translated with a Foreword by,” the bibliographic reference can be simplified to “Edited by” or “Translated by”. An illustrator of a children’s book or textbook can be cited similarly to an editor or translator.

Author’s Family Name, Author’s Given Name. Year of Publication. Title of Book: Subtitle of Book. Translated by Translator’s Full Name. Publisher’s Name, Date.

Reference list examples

Adorno, Theodor W., and Walter Benjamin. The Complete Correspondence, 1928–1940. Edited by Henri Lonitz. Translated by Nicholas Walker. Harvard University Press, 2001.

Occasionally, when an editor or a translator is more important to a discussion than the original author, a book may be listed under the editor’s name.

Eliot, T. S., ed. Literary Essays. By Ezra Pound. New Directions, 1954.

Referencing a journal article

Paraphrasing in-text

(Author’s Family Name Year of Publication)

After analysing the data, Bagley (2015) concluded ...

Direct quote in-text

(Author's Family Name Year of Publication, page).

“This film contains a juxtaposition of filmed objects to whose extraordinariness the filmmaker Alfred Guzzetti has called special attention” (Cavell 1978, 250).

Reference list

Note that in is not used between the article title and the journal title (In is used only with chapter of books).

Include the publication year, volume and issue, the month or season can be omitted unless it takes the place of an issue number e.g. 25 (May): 56-59. For journal articles without an issue number, list the page number after the volume number separated by a colon e.g. 27: 102-170.

Author's Family Name, First Name. Year. "Article Title." Title of Publication vol, issue no: page number(s).

Reference list example

Bagley, Benjamin. 2015. “Loving Someone in Particular.” Ethics 125, no. 2: 477–507.

Referencing a journal article with a single author

Paraphrasing in-text

Include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

Recent studies show… (Crickman 2017)

After analysing the data, McCarthy (2005) concluded ...

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " ". A page number is included in the in-text citation for a direct quote. After the author's name and year, add a comma then the page number.

(Author's Family Name Year of Publication, page).

“Legislative change is often needed to effect practice change” (Crickman 2017, 73).

Reference list

In the reference list, include the page range for the whole article. For the in-text, cite specific page numbers. A DOI or URL link is required in the reference list for the journal article consulted online. A DOI forms a permanent URL that begins https://doi-org and is preferred over a URL because it is more stable.

If there is no DOI, use a URL or permalink in the reference list entry. Unless the source is a library database which requires an account login, in which case use the database name instead. Access dates are not required by Chicago in citations of formally published electronic sources.

You must italicise the title of the Journal. For journal articles without an issue number, list the page number after the volume number separated by a colon e.g., 27: 102-170.

Where only the volume and a month or season is available, include this in place of the issue number e.g. 25 (May): 56-59. In the bibliography, give the start and end pages of the article. The PDF version of an article will display page numbers. Do not use ‘p’ or ‘pp’ before the page numbers.

Author's Family Name, Given Name. Year. "Article Title." Title of Journal volume, issue no. (Month or Season if applicable): page range. DOI or URL or Database Name.

Reference list Example

Crickman, Rachael. 2017. “Chemotherapy safe handling: Limiting nursing exposure with a hazardous drug control program”. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing, 21, no. 1: 73–78. https://doi.org/10.1188/17.CJON.73-78.

Marshall, Karen. 2020. “Breathlessness: Causes, assessment and non-pharmacological management.” Nursing Times, 116, no. 9, 24-26. https://www.nursingtimes.net/clinical-archive/respiratory-clinical-archive/breathlessness-causes-assessment-and-non-pharmacological-management-2-10-08-2020/.

Referencing a journal article with two authors

Paraphrasing in-text

For works by two authors, list both in the reference list and the text. Include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

Use the ampersand symbol & between author family names only when they appear in brackets. Otherwise, just use and to separate author names in the body of the text.

... digital literacy (Yevelson-Shorsher & Bronstein 2018).

Yevelson-Shorcher and Bronstein (2018) take in digital literacy ...

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the article.

This results in "patient satisfaction ..." (Yevelson-Shorsher & Bronstein 2018, p. 30).

Reference list

Surname, First name and next author First name Surname. Year. "Title of the Article." Title of the Journal in italics, volume, no.: pages. DOI.

Reference list example

Yevelson-Shorsher, Anna and Jenny Bronstein. 2018. “Three perspectives on information literacy in academia: Talking to librarians, faculty, and students.” College & Research Libraries, 79, no. 4, 535-553. https://doi.org/10.5860/crl.79.3.535.

Referencing a journal article with three or more authors

Journal articles often list many authors, especially in the sciences. For three or more authors, list up to six in the reference list; for more than six authors, list the first three, followed by “et al.” (“and others”).

Reference list example

Dror, Amiel A., Nicole Morozov, Amani Daoud, et al. 2022. “Pre-Infection 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 Levels and Association with Severity of COVID-19 Illness.” PLOS ONE 17 (2): e0263069. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263069.

Referencing a forthcoming, ahead of print or preprint journal article

Ahead of print

Many journals publish articles online ahead of a print issue. (These ahead-of-print articles are not to be confused with preprints). Use the posted publication date and make the year follow the author’s name in the reference list entry. Include volume and issue information only if these are available (page numbers may also be unavailable).

Paraphrasing in-text

Counterillumination is a camouflage used by fish … (Mullan et al. 2023).

Reference list

Mullan, Ryan, Alex D. Davis, Tracey T. Sutton, and Sönke Johnsen. 2023. “An Investigation into the Mechanism Mediating Counterillumination in Myctophid Fishes (Myctophidae).” Biological Bulletin, ahead of print, April 5. https://doi.org/10.1086/724803.

Forthcoming

Some journals post articles that have been accepted for publication (and in some cases assigned a DOI) but are not yet copyedited and otherwise prepared for publication. In this case, use forthcoming instead of ahead of print (and note the different placement of the date). Some publishers refer to these articles as “preprints,” but that term should be reserved for articles posted to a preprint server).

In the in-text reference, forthcoming follows the author, preceded by a comma and lowercased.

(Smith, forthcoming)

If the published version of the article becomes available in time to update the citation, any related information in the text must be checked for accuracy. (Any article not yet accepted should be treated as an unpublished manuscript).

Reference list

To cite a forthcoming article in a reference list, forthcoming replaces the year/journal issue number.

Author Lastname, Firstname. "Title of Article: Subtitle if Any." Title of Journal volume number (forthcoming). URL.

Reference list example

Smith, Margaret. “Article Title.” Journal Title 98 (forthcoming).

Preprints

Preprints are cited like published journal articles, except “preprint,” takes the place of the date or journal volume/issue details.

Paraphrasing in-text

Speech perception is a complex process (Fiallo and Galati, preprint)

Direct quote in-text

“Speech perception, though seemingly effortless is an extremely complex process …” (Fiallo and Galati, preprint)

Reference list

Author Lastname, Firstname. "Title of Article: Subtitle if Any." Preprint, submitted Month Day, Year. URL.

Reference list example

Fiallo, Kathy, and Alexia Galati. “The Influence of Auditory Processing Difficulties on Perceptual Learning.” Preprint, PsyArXiv, September 4, 2022. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/p723u.

Referencing an article from a magazine

For magazines, the procedure is generally the same as for journals, however, the date including the month may be used in place of volume and issue. If a magazine article does not have an author move the title to the author position.

Reference list

Author (surname, given name). "Title of article." Title of Publication, date. URL.

Reference list example

Kirkup, Sarah. "Kate Whitley: Igniting Dance with Her Music." Gramophone, October 19, 2018. https://www.gramophone.co.uk/feature/kate-whitley-igniting-dance-with-her-music.

Referencing a newspaper article

Paraphrasing in-text

Include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

(Author Family Name Year)

The project will enable 1000s of jobs to be created… (Kolovos 2022).

Kolovos (2022) states that 1000s of new jobs will be created by the time it opens…

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the article. If no page numbers are provided, then include the paragraph number.

(Author Family Name Year, page or para. number or section)

The officer stated that "the offender ..." (Kolovos 2022, para. 2).

An art installation called Studio Outdoors doubles as a workspace with “brilliant green turf, lots of plants, fluorescent awnings, funky shade umbrellas and a variety of high-top tables and other seats” (Washington Post 2021, under “Studio Outdoors”).

Reference list

If a newspaper article has no author listed, the title of the newspaper replaces the author and is italicised, followed by the year of publication. For example (New York Times 2012). Omit the initial The for English language newspaper titles. For example, (Guardian 2022).

For articles consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database in the reference list entry. If the article can only be accessed with an account login (e.g. In a Library database) provide the database name. Online newspaper articles do not always include page numbers - for unpaginated articles, substitute a paragraph number or section heading for in-text citations. For example, Smith (2018, para. 2) discusses ...

Include the month and day of the article in the year field. Include the URL at the end. If there is a permanent DOI that begins https://doi.org/. then this URL is preferable to the URL that appears in your browser’s address bar.

Author Family Name, First Name. Year. “Title of Article.” Newspaper Title, Month day, year of publication. DOI/URL/Database.

Reference list example

Poll, Zoey. 2022. "The People Who Draw Rocks." New York Times, March 16, 2022. ProQuest Central. Washington Post. 2021. “Work where green grass grows”. September 24, 2021. Thomson Reuters Westlaw.

Newspaper articles: Print

Paraphrasing in-text

Include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

(Author's Family Name Year) OR Author's Family Name (Year)

The results of the study indicate ... (Evans 2015).

Evans (2015) states that ...

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the article.

(Author's Family Name Year, page)

A journalist observed, “The Coalition's argument is straight-forward; gas prices are too high because there is a gas shortage, but will fall once more gas is made available” (Carey 2015, 2).

Evans (2015) notes that "aspirin's miracle properties revolve around its ability to stop blood platelets clumping together, reducing the risk of heart attacks and strokes" (p. 11).

Reference list

If the author is unknown, begin the citation with the name of the newspaper in italics. The initial The from the name of the newspaper can be omitted. If a local newspaper has a common name which doesn't mention the region, the city or state can be added in parenthesis after the name e.g. Age (Melbourne). For national newspapers, the country can be included in the same way. Include the specific edition of a newspaper if relevant. e.g. afternoon edition.

Include the title of the article title in quotation marks. If there is no title of the article, describe the type of article without quotation marks instead e.g. Obituary or Letter to the Editor. Include the date of publication at the end of the citation in the format: Month DD, Year. Page numbers are not required in reference list entrees of newspaper articles.

Author's Family Name, Given Name. Year of publication. "Title of Article." Name of Newspaper, Date of publication.

Reference List Example

Evans, Kathy. 2015. “Aspirin study raises hopes for dementia prevention.” Age (Melbourne), January 5, 2015.

New York Times. 2002. “In Texas, Ad Heats Up Race for Governor.” July 30, 2002.

Referencing a book review

Italicise the title of the book being reviewed and the name of the journal in which the review appeared. Only include the month if there is no issue number. Do not use ‘p’ or ‘pp’ before the page numbers.

Reference list

Author of review (surname, first name). "Title of Review (if available)," review of Title of book, Author of book. Journal title volume, issue (date): page number(s). URL or DOI.

Reference list example

Field, Bonnie N. Review of Making Democratic Citizens in Spain: Civil Society and the Popular Origins of the Transition, 1960–78, by Pamela Beth Radcliff. Democratization 19, no. 1 (28 February 2012): 143-45. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2011.650065.

Referencing a lecture recording or class notes from Canvas

Paraphrasing in-text

Not all departments accept these as reference sources. Please check with your teacher or lecturer whether these are considered an acceptable source to cite.

Course material can include recorded lectures, PowerPoint slides, word documents, PDFs, audio files, class notes, discussion posts etc. relating to lectures, classes, seminars and workshops. Treat unrecorded lectures as a personal communication.

Include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

…as demonstrated by Scandinavian design (Huppatz 2022).

In a lecture, Huppatz (2022) argued that …

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " ".

“Scandinavian design demonstrates…” (Huppatz 2022).

Reference list

The reference list citation should include: the author(s) name, year, month and day of lecture, title of the lecture in quotes, Course Code or Course Name in italics, a description of the type of work, university name and learning management software name, and a retrieval statement in the form of a URL (use the login page).

Presenter (Surname, First name). Year. "Title of lecture." Course Code or Course Name. Type of work, Location: University, Date. URL.

Reference list example

Huppatz, D. 2022. “Scandinavian design.” Lecture recording. DIA10004 History of Interior Architecture. Hawthorn, Vic, Australia: Swinburne University of Technology, May 2, 2022. https://swinburne.instructure.com/.

Referencing PowerPoint slides

Paraphrasing in-text

Include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

(Lecturer’s Family Name Year of lecture)

Furniture design changed in a number of ways in this period… (Finley 2022)

Finley (2022) states that furniture from the 1950s…

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and add the slide number.

(Lecturer’s Family Name Year of lecture, slide number)

“The early to mid-1950s had been a time of great experimentation” (Finley 2022, slide 2).

Reference list

Include the lecture URL if there is one available. If the course materials can only be accessed with an account login, include a general URL to the site or the database name.

Lecturer’s Family Name, Given Name. Year of lecture. "Title of Lecture: Lecture Number." COURSECODE: Title of Course. Place of lecture: University Name. Date accessed. Format. URL or Database name.

Reference list example

Finley, Glenn. 2022. “Australian furniture design of the 1950s and 60s.” DDD10001: 20th Century Design. Hawthorn: Swinburne University of Technology. Accessed April 4, 2022.  Powerpoint presentation. Canvas.

Referencing a government or corporate report

Paraphrasing in-text

Include either the author, company or government department name and year of publication in brackets. Government departments can be cited in-text using their acronym. Follow this with the year of publication in brackets (then the matching reference list entry must also use the acronym in place of the organisation-as-author followed by the full name in brackets).

(Author's Family Name or Organisation Name or Organisation acronym year)

Public hospital expenditure increased dramatically ... (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2016).

… thereby meeting the open access requirements for research outputs (ARC 2017).

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " ". Include either the author, company or government department name and year of publication. Provide the page number(s) of the direct quote if taken from a PDF document. If the document does not contain page numbers, then use the name of the section and the paragraph number as part of the in-text reference.

(Author's Family Name or Organisation Name or Organisation acronym year, page)

“Data improvement, including new and improved data capture and linkage of available data, is crucial in order to provide a reliable basis for further policy development and for service delivery models aimed at supporting older people” (AIHW 2021, 223).

Reference list

Pamphlets, corporate reports, brochures, and other freestanding publications are treated similarly to books (place of publication is no longer required).

A report’s author can be a person or a company /organisation /committee /government department. Only identify the publisher if they have not been identified as the author.

Where an organisation is commonly known by its acronym (such as CSIRO, Qantas, NASA), list the acronym in the reference list without the full name in brackets. The reference list entry must be alphabetised using the abbreviation (rather than the spelled-out name). The publisher and author should be written as they appeared when the document was originally published. Don’t alter the name of the government department if it has changed since the document was published.

The report the title is italicised and, if there is a report number place it immediately after the title. If there is no publisher or report number for a report, leave it out of your reference. If the report has been sourced online make sure to include the URL. For hard copy versions of government publications, omit the URL.

Author's Family Name, Given Name or Committee or Department or Organisation Name. Year. Title of Publication. Document ID or version number if any. Publisher. URL.

Reference list example

AIHW (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare). 2021. Australia’s welfare 2021 data insights. Australia’s welfare series no. 15. Cat. no. AUS 236. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/ef5c05ee-1e4a-4b72-a2cd-184c2ea5516e/aihw-aus-236.pdf.aspx.

Referencing statistics from the Australian Bureau of Statistics

Paraphrasing in-text

The Australian population is currently… (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2022).

ABS (2022) provide statistics that…

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and add a page or section number.

The factors were “that the population increased due to…” (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2022, 3).

According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, between 1981 and 2011 “the proportion of farmers aged 55 years and over increased from 26% to 47%, while the proportion of farmers aged less than 35 years fell from 28% to just 13%” (2012, 3).

Reference list

Reports and other freestanding publications are treated essentially as books. Include title and catalogue number if one is available. Only include a retrieval date if the contents of the page are designed to change over time.

Author's Family Name, Given Name or Committee or Department or Organisation Name. Year. Title of Publication. Document ID or version number if any. Publisher. URL.

Reference list examples

Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2012. Australian Social Trends, December 2012. Cat. no. 4102.0. Australian Bureau of Statistics. http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4102.0Main+Features1Dec%202012?OpenDocument.

Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2022. Population clock. Retrieved June 20, 2022. https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Web+Pages/Population+Clock.

Referencing Australian standards

Paraphrasing in-text

Include the organisation name (for example, Standards Australia) and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the organisation name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the organisation name.

... in relation to petfood contamination (Standards Australia 2018).

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the organisation name, year of publication and page number(s) from the specific standard you are using.

(Author Name Year of publication, page number)

“The risk of contamination of products by metal or other foreign objects shall be assessed and procedures developed to eliminate contamination” (Standards Australia 2023, 8).

Reference list

If there are no personal author details, list the publishing organisation as the author. Provide the organisation name, the year, the title in italics, the standard number. The publisher or platform and the URL. Reports and other freestanding publications are treated essentially as books so a place of publication is no longer required. If the resource can only be accessed with an account login, provide the web address of the publisher's homepage or provide database name. If using a print standard, omit the URL or database name.

Standard Issuer or Organization Name. Year. Title of Standard in Italics. Standard Number. Publisher. URL or database name.

Reference list example

Standards Australia. 2009. Manufacturing and marketing of pet food - Cats and dogs. AS 58 12:2023. Techstreet Enterprise. https://subscriptions.techstreet.com/products/1002394.

Standards Australia. 2009. Wire-Rope Slings: Product Specification. AS 1666.1-2009. SAI Global. https://www.saiglobal.com.

Referencing education curriculum resources

Paraphrasing in-text

Include the curriculum authority and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s). The first in-text citation will need to include the authoring body's name in full, followed by its abbreviation or acronym in square brackets. You can there use the abbreviation for subsequent in-text uses.

Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority [ACARA] (2014)states that ...

The document states that ... (Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority [ACARA] 2014).

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " ". If using a PDF version include the page numbers. When citing a section from the website, use paragraph number.

(Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority [ACARA] 2014, p. 7)

(Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority [ACARA] 2014, para. 2)

Reference list

Do not abbreviate the name, spell it out in full as it appears in the source.

Reference list example

Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority. 2014. Foundation to year 10 curriculum: Language for interaction. http://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/english/curriculum/f-10?layout=1#cdcode=ACELA1428&level=FOR.

Referencing a conference paper or proceedings

Paraphrasing in-text

Include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. If there are three or more authors list the first family name followed by et al. If referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

It is suggested that ... (Katashev et al. 2015).

Katashev et al. (2015) state that ...

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the conference proceedings. If there are three or more authors list the first family name followed by et al. Capitalise the title of the conference paper in headline style in quotation marks—not in italics. The type of paper (paper, poster, PowerPoint presentation, etc.) is included after the title of the paper. The sponsorship, location, and date of the meeting is included after the type of paper.

"For the data acquisition, patients were asked to perform 3 deep breath cycles with hands placed on the back of their heads" (Katashev et al. 2015, pp. 63-64).

Reference list

The exact format of references to conference papers is dependent upon whether the conference paper is published or unpublished, if it has a DOI, and how it is available (via a database, freely available on the internet, or in print). A paper included in the published conference proceedings is treated like a chapter in a book. If published in a journal, it is treated as an article.

If the conference paper was consulted online, include the DOI if available, or a URL. For conference papers retrieved from a commercial database, include the database name instead of URL.

For proceedings sourced from a print book or e-book, use the same format for a book or book chapter e.g. author(s), year of publication, title of conference paper, editor(s), title of book in italics, page number(s) in brackets, publisher and DOI. Chicago 18^th style no longer requires a place of publication so resist adding them, but if the occasional reference may benefit readers knowing the place of origin, use the first-listed city on the title page. City names are followed by a colon.

Reference list examples

Conference Proceedings Treated as a Serial/Journal

Svit, K., D. Protasov, S. Teys, L. Sveshnikova, Y. Maksim, and K. Zhuravlev. 2016. Peculiarities of CdS nanocrystal formation at annealing of a Langmuir-Blodgett matrix. Physica Status Solidi C 13:417–20. doi: 10.1002/pssc.201510285.

Conference Proceedings Treated as a Book

Mazzone, A., C. Spagno, and A. Kunz. 2004. The HoverMesh: A deformable structure based on vacuum cells. In ACE '04: Proceedings of the 2004 ACM SIGCHI International Conference on Advances in Computer Entertainment Technology, ed. R. Nakatsu, M. Billinghurst, and G. Yu, 187–93. ACM Press.

Conference Paper

Alfermann, D., and A. Gross. 1997. Coping with career termination: It all depends on freedom of choice. Paper presented at the 9th annual World Congress on Sport Psychology, Netanya, Israel, January 23.

Referencing a web page

Paraphrasing in-text

When a work has no identified author, cite in-text the first few words of the title and the year. Include either the author, company or organisation name and year of publication in brackets.

Organisational values are defined by ... (Early Childhood Australia 2016).

Example with no author:

... may not predict outcomes in later life (Researchers Replicate Famous 2018).

Direct quote in-text

Many electronic sources do not provide page numbers, unless they are in PDF format. Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and use the name of the section and the paragraph number as part of the in-text reference.

"As the national peak body for early childhood, ECA is a regular, and trusted, contributor to the public policy debate on all matters affecting young children (birth to eight years) and their families" (Early Childhood Australia 2016, Advocacy section, para. 1).

Example with no author:

“The findings suggest that an intervention ...” (Researchers Replicate Famous 2018, para. 4).

Example with no date:

(ELP, n.d.)

Reference list

If citing information is taken directly from a webpage include author(s), or if no author(s) are stated then use a company or organisation name, followed by the year, webpage title in italics, website name and URL. When you can’t find a date of publication/copyright/upload on the webpage then use n.d. (which is short for no date) as the date of publication in the reference list entry and for the in-text citation. To avoid confusion any author initials, n.d. is always lowercase. Chicago requires an access date in citations of websites and other online sources only if no date of publication or revision can be determined from the source.

Author. Year. "Title of Webpage." Website name (owning organisation). Date viewed/accessed. URL.

Reference list example

Scrubt, Mark. 2017. "Iceberg Palace: Halo House." ArchitectureAU. Accessed September 30, 2017. https://architectureau.com/articles/halo-house/.

ELP (Endangered Languages Project). n.d. “Balkan Romani.” First Peoples’ Cultural Council and ELCat/ELP, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa. Accessed October 1, 2022. https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/5342.

Referencing a web page with the government as author

Paraphrasing in-text

Schools in Victoria are working harder at making schools more inclusive ... (Department of Health, 2022).

The Department of Health (2022) states that ...

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " ".

“Many schools are becoming more inclusive of young people who are same-sex attracted ...” (Department of Health 2022, para. 2).

Reference list

Use this category only if the work does not fit better within another category, e.g., to cite a report from a website, use the reports category. If there is no individual author(s), provide the specific name of the department as the author, and the 'parent' agency as the publisher. Many electronic sources do not provide page numbers, unless they are in PDF format. You can instead use the name of the section and the paragraph number as part of the in-text reference. Only add a retrieval date if the content of the page is designed to change over time.

Organisation Name. Year. “Title of Webpage.” Owning Organisation. URL.

Reference list example

Department of Health. (2022). “Working with LGBTI children and young people”. Victoria State Government. https://www.health.vic.gov.au/populations/working-with-lgbti-children-and-young-people.

DET (Department of Education and Training). 2016. “Improving Australian and European Mobility”. Australian Government. https://www.education.gov.au/news/improving-australian-and-european-mobility.

DevelopmentWA. n.d. “Yagan Square.” DevelopmentWA. Accessed April 8, 2020. http://www.developmentwa.com.au/projects/redevelopment/yagan-square/overview.

Referencing a web page with an individual as author

Paraphrasing in-text

If an individual(s) has been named as author (rather than a department as author), then follow the usual format for authors. Include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. If there are three or more authors list the first family name followed by et al. If referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

Ambiel et al. (2019) found that fruits in most states and territories ...

Fruits found in most states and territories ... (Ambiel et al. 2019).

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and use the name of the section and the paragraph number as part of the in-text reference.

"Fruits showed greater losses than vegetables" in most states and territories ... (Ambiel et al. 2019).

Reference list

Reports and other freestanding publications are treated essentially as books. The document title must be in italics. When the organisation-as-author and publisher are the same, include it in both places in the reference list entry. For hard copy versions of government publications, omit the URL. If there is no publisher or report number for a report, leave it out of your reference.

Author's Family Name, Given Name or Committee or Department or Organisation Name. Year. Title of Publication. Document ID or version number if any. Publisher. URL.

Reference list example

AIHW (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare). 2021. Australia’s welfare 2021 data insights. Australia’s welfare series no. 15. Cat. no. AUS 236. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/ef5c05ee-1e4a-4b72-a2cd-184c2ea5516e/aihw-aus-236.pdf.aspx.

Referencing a web page that has ceased to exist

If a site or page ceases to exist or is deleted before you submit your assignment, this information should be included in the citation.

“Biography,” on Pete Townshend’s official website, accessed December 15, 2001, http://www.petetownshend.co.uk/petet_bio.html (site discontinued).

If a permanent, publicly available archive of the content has been saved using the Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine or similar service, the link for that version may be cited if the original URL is not part of the archived link.

“Academics,” Howard University, archived October 19, 2023, at https://web.archive.org/web/20231019175606/https://howard.edu/academics.

or

“Academics,” Howard University, https://howard.edu/academics, archived October 19, 2023, at https://perma.cc/W39H-X2SP.

Referencing a post from social media

Paraphrasing in-text

Please check with your teacher or lecturer whether social media and apps are considered acceptable sources to cite or not. Privately shared social media sources including direct messages, are cited like other forms of personal communication.

(Author’s Family Name Year posted)

... "songs that got me moving" (Obama 2018, para. 1).

In relation to the Supreme Court vacancy in the United States, Barack Obama (2016) tweeted that "it's time for Senate leaders to put politics aside and fill the Supreme Court vacancy."

Kabuki theatre began in the seventeenth century in Kyoto (National Gallery of Victoria 2021).

Direct quote in-text

(Author’s Family Name Year posted)

“At the most important moments leading actors froze in a dramatic pose and extreme facial expression known as mie” (National Gallery of Victoria 2021).

Reference list

Include author's real name, or organisation name, plus social media account username/ screenname (if any) in brackets after their name. If only the screenname is known, use that instead of the author's name. As social media content is usually untitled, use the text of the post itself (up to 160 characters) in place of a title. Include the name of the social media site, and if relevant, include the type of post (photo, infographic, thumbnail with link attached). Add emoji names (if emoji cannot be reproduced).

Author’s Family Name, First Name (Author’s Screen Name or Username). Year posted. “Title of post or The first 160 words of the Post”. Name of the Social Media Site. Month Day, Year posted. URL.

Reference list examples

Facebook

National Gallery of Victoria. 2021. “1 MIN READ: Take a moment to learn about Kabuki theatre with NGV Senior Curator of Asian Art, Wayne Crothers.” Facebook, August 25, 2021. https://www.facebook.com/NGVMelbourne/posts/10159547500576163.

Twitter (X) tweet

Obama, B. [@BarackObama]. (2016, May 18). It's time for Senate leaders to put politics aside and fill the Supreme Court vacancy #DoYourJob [Image attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/BarackObama/status/732589315478290432.

Twitter (X) video or TikTok video

Ford, Clementine (@clementine_ford). 2021. “Let’s have a conversation about consent! with Clementine Ford.” Twitter video, April 27, 2021. https://twitter.com/clementine_ford/status/1386832309777616898.

Instagram Photo

Philadelphia Museum of Art [@philamuseum]. (2019, December 3). “It’s always wonderful to walk in and see my work in a collection where it’s loved, and where people are puzzled by it” [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/B5oDnnNhOt4/.

Instagram Video

APA Public Interest Directorate [@apapubint]. (2019, June 14). Male depression is serious, but many men try to ignore it or refuse treatment. Different men have different symptoms, but [Video]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/BysOqenB1v7/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link.

Instagram Highlight

The New York Public Library [@nypl]. (n.d.). The raven [Highlight]. Instagram. Retrieved January 6, 2020, from https://www.instagram.com/stories/highlights/17962199170163462/.

Instagram Profile

Swift, T. [@taylorswift]. (n.d.). Posts [Instagram profile]. Instagram. Retrieved January 9, 2020, from https://www.instagram.com/taylorswift.

Referencing a blog post

Paraphrasing in-text

Include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

The effect of depression on people can be ... (Mehler 2018)

Mehler states that the effect of depression ... (2018)

Comment on a blog post

(@neverpractice, February 7, 2017 [3:08 a.m.], comment on Throwcase 2017)

...@neverpractice (February 7, 2017 3:08 a.m.) commented on the post (Throwcase 2017) that practice is over-rated.

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the paragraph number.

“Depression can have a profound impact on affected individuals” (Mehler 2018, para. 5).

(Polansky 2018)

Polansky (2018)

Reference list

The word blog enclosed in parentheses may be added after the title of the blog (unless the word blog is already part of the name). It can be difficult to tell the difference between a blog and a website, when unsure, treat the source like a website. If the author's given name is provided, use the full name, or organization name, plus social media account username/pseudonym in brackets. Words in the titles and subtitles are capitalized, except articles and prepositions.

Include the following: the author(s), company or organisation name, year of publication, month, day, title of blog post, blog title (italicised) and a URL.

Author Last Name, First Name. Year. “Title of Post.” Title of Blog (blog). URL.

or

Author Last Name, First Name. n.d. “Title of Post.” Title of Blog (blog). Accessed Month Day, Year. URL.

Polansky, Iva. 2018. “The Noon Girl: La Midinette." Victorian Paris (blog). June 1, 2018. https://victorianparis.wordpress.com/2018/06/01/the-noon-girl-la-midinette/.

Referencing a video game

(Developer Year of version)

You can also acknowledge designers in the body of your text.

(Sega AM2 1993)

Reference list

Developer. Year of version. Title of Game. Edition, version (if available). Operating system. Additional information of relevance such as URL/author/composer/animator etc.

Reference list example

Sega AM2. 1993. Daytona USA. Sega. Sega Model 2 Arcade System. https://segaretro.org/Daytona_USA#

Referencing a mobile app

(Developer Year of version)

(Snap Inc. 2020)

Reference list

Include any version numbers and information about of the device or operating system required to run the app, if known. You can use version numbers to differentiate between iterations; but if the version is not relevant then cite the latest version.

Developer. Year of version. Title of App. Edition, version. Operating system. Additional information of relevance such as URL/author/composer/animator etc.

Reference list example

Rovio Entertainment. 2014. Angry Birds Transformers. V. 1.4.25. Android 4.0 or later. Soundtrack by Vince DiCola and Kenny Meriedeth.

Snap Inc. 2020. Snapchat. V. 10.81.0.71. iOS 10.0 or later. www.snapchat.com

Referencing a YouTube, Tik Tok or Vimeo video or a TED Talk

Paraphrasing in-text

Include the person or group who uploaded the video and year of publication in brackets. Or, if the person or group in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after.

(Creator's Family Name Year of publication)

(Kuert 2001)

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " ". As author provide either the person/group who uploaded the video, or it could be the director/presenter/writer/actor. Use channel names in full original order. For news broadcasts use the journalist or reporter’s name. The year, and a timestamp in HH:MM:SS format from the video for the beginning of the quotation takes the place of a page number.

(Director/Producer/PerformerSurname Year)

People make "sweeping inferences and judgments from body language" (Cuddy 2012, 00:02:12).

Brown states “you cannot selectively numb emotion” (2010, 00:15:12).

BBC Business editor Simon Jack reported that “... since last year the price of white fish, of which Russia is a major supplier, is up fifty percent” (2022, 00:00:51).

Reference list

For news broadcasts begin the citation with the name of the journalist or reporter. Include the title of news segment and name of the news program.

Titles of videos hosted on online platforms such as YouTube are enclosed in quotation marks. Titles of films or television programs are italicised. Include information about the original event, source, or contributors after Title of Video if relevant to your discussion. Include the name of the host website or streaming platform, followed by 'video', and duration. Alternatively 'Online video' can be used.
Include an accessed date and URL at the end of the citation.

Director/Producer/Performer Surname, First Name. Year. “Title of Video: Subtitle.” Additional information. Format, duration. Accessed date. URL.

Reference list example

Brown, Brené. 2010. “The Power of Vulnerability.” Filmed June 2010 in Houston, TX. TED video, 20:49. Accessed July 4, 2021. https://www.ted.com/talks/brene_brown_the_power_of_vulnerability.

Referencing a television broadcast or streaming video

Paraphrasing in-text

In Understanding aged care by Kratochvil (2012), there is ...

(Fellini 1960)

Direct quote in-text

The author is the director, producer or someone in a similar role. Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote using the format HH:MM:SS as a pinpoint, preceded by a comma e.g. Smith (2016, 00:21:18).

As Kratochvil explains in Understanding aged care "it's about involving people in their care" (2012, 01:22).

Reference list

Include a description of the role of the author. Roles are abbreviated e.g. dir. for director, and prod. for producer. Include the original year of release or if unknown use the year of distribution or copyright. Film titles are italicised. Scene or chapter titles are enclosed in quotation marks.

For films streamed online include the duration, an accessed date, and URL/ name of the streaming service or library database at the end of the citation. The publisher is the producing institution, organisation, or hosting platform. If the author and publisher are the same leave publisher section blank. If the URL requires an account login (e.g. A library database) then use the database name instead.

For films sourced on DVD/ VHS include, studio/distributor, (and year of publication if different from original release date) followed by medium at the end of the citation.

Describe the form type e.g. Video.

Television broadcast:

Television show title, season number, episode number, “Episode title,” Director/Writer/Producer roles, aired date, network.

Star Trek, season 2, episode 15, “The Trouble with Tribbles,” written by David Gerrold, directed by Joseph Pevney, aired December 29, 1967, on NBC.

DVD:

Director’s Family Name, Given Name, dir. Year of release. “Title of Scene.” Title of Film. Studio/Distributor, Year of publication. Medium.

Fellini, Federico, dir. 1960. “Fountain Scene.” La Dolce Vita. Umbrella Entertainment, 2005. DVD.

Film streamed online:

Director’s Family Name, Given Name, dir. Year of release. Title of Film. Streaming service, duration. Accessed date. URL.

Bricker, Eric, dir. 2009. Visual Acoustics: The Modernism of Julius Shulman. Shulman Project Partners. Kanopy video, 01:23:00. Accessed July 4, 2021. https://www.kanopy.com/product/visual-acoustics.

Referencing a podcast

Paraphrasing in-text

Include the host’s family name and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the host's family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name. If no host is listed, use the executive producer or producer as author instead.

(Presenter's Family Name Year)

Webster and Abumrad (2020) comments that ...

The Boston City Hall's controversial architecture is the genius of its architects (Mars 2020).

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " ". Include the presenter’s family name and year of publication. Year recorded or uploaded can be used as the year of publication. Provide a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote. Use the format HH:MM:SS as a pinpoint, preceded by a comma.

(Presenter's Family Name Year, HH:MM:SS) OR Presenter's Family Name (Year, HH:MM:SS)

“It was a good idea to use him again” (Webster & Abumrad 2020, at 00:15).

Mars describes the Boston City Hall as "always a controversial structure" (2020, at 00:00:43).

Reference list format

List the host or executive producer in the author position. Provide the specific date on which the podcast episode first aired. Write the word “In” and then the title of the podcast in italics. Provide the date accessed and the exact URL. If the URL of the podcast is unknown (e.g., if accessed via an app), omit the URL from the reference.

Presenter’s Family Name, Given Name. Year. “Episode Title.” Episode number. Date aired. In Podcast Title. Additional contributors. Podcast, Duration. Accessed date. URL.

Reference list examples

Mars, Roman. 2020. “The Smell of Concrete After Rain.” Episode 400. April 28, 2020. In 99% Invisible. Produced by Avery Trufelman. Podcast, 29:15. Accessed 19 4, 2023. https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/the-smell-of-concrete-after-rain.

Ober, Lauren, host. 2022. “Goodbye, Routine; Hello, Meltdown!” Season 1, Episode 2, September 13. In The Loudest Girl in the World. Pushkin Industries. Podcast, 41:37. Accessed 16 4, 2025. https://www.pushkin.fm/podcasts/loudest-girl-in-the-world.

General rules for incorporating images into the text of your paper

Chicago style uses the terminology 'illustrations' or 'figures' when discussing images (other than a table). These can include: paintings, drawings, photographs, posters, graphs and infographics, charts, maps and other artworks.

Information about standalone works of art can usually be presented in the text rather than in a reference list. If you incorporate an image into the text of your paper, the image should appear as soon as possible after the first mention of it. The abbreviation fig. may be used for figure, but table, map, plate, and other illustration forms are spelled out. Images should be numbered, and all text references to them should be by the numbers (e.g. “as figure 1 shows ...”).

Below the image a caption provides a description or an explanation of the contents of the illustration. A caption may consist of a word or two, an incomplete or a complete sentence, several sentences, or a combination. Within a caption, most titles (including those for paintings, drawings, photographs, statues, and books) will be capitalized and italicized. If there is no title substitute it with a short description. The caption will begin with “Figure” or “Fig.” followed by a number and period. (E.g. Figure 1.). Number figures consecutively in italics throughout your work making sure that you order them as they appear within the text. The first figure is labelled Figure 1, the second, Figure 2, the third, Figure 3 and so on. Do not label figures with suffix letters such as Figure 5a, instead use, Figure 5.1. Spatial indicators such as “clockwise from left”, “left to right” or “top to bottom” are italicised within parentheses. A credit line usually appears at the end of a caption, sometimes in parentheses.

Figures and tables taken from other sources require credit lines. A credit line is a brief statement of the source of an illustration.  In addition to author, title, publication details, and copyright statement, the credit line should include any page or figure number. In addition to author, title, publication details, and (occasionally) copyright date, the credit line should include any page or figure number. If the work being credited is listed in the bibliography or reference list, only a shortened form need appear in the credit line. If the creator is unknown you can leave this part blank, or write ‘uncredited’ or 'creator unknown'. If the date is unknown, you can use 'n.d.' (for 'no date'), or write 'undated' or include an the date you accessed it if it is a digital image.

You can also include a List of Figures, in bibliography format, providing the full details of the image. For example, the medium/dimensions of artworks, a photographer credit, the physical location of the item (often a gallery or museum), the resource you took the image from (e.g. a book or journal's reference details), a URL, or copyright information (if you are publishing the paper).  Illustrations from works in the public domain may be reproduced without permission. For readers’ information, however, a credit line is appropriate.

When citing an illustration from a book, article or other sources (but not actually incorporating it in your text), then cite the source first, then provide the page number where the illustration is located in text citation, preceding the figure number, with a comma between them, e.g. ... (Smith 2019, 123, fig. 3). If the source is available online, add the DOI or URL to the end of the citation.

Permission requirements for using images

Students using images in assignments

If you reproduce images in assignments that are submitted as part of a course, you do not need to seek permission from the copyright owner.

Students/authors intending to publish their work

Make sure you obtain permission to use any images from the copyright holder if you plan to publish your work. This could include if you publish as part of journal articles, books or book chapters, but also if used in presentations outside of the university. Also, if you publish your thesis or submit your thesis to Swinburne’s online repository.

If images come from online sources such as Creative Commons, they may also include licensing restrictions that you will need to comply with. A permission statement is then added at the end of the image caption. 'Reprinted with permission from ...'

Permission versus Credit

Permissions and credits are two different things. A borrower of a copyrighted image acknowledges it by giving credit. If the borrowing exceeds fair use, the borrower must also seek permission from the copyright holder, who in turn may ask for a fee and for specific credit language.

Exceptions: Permission isn’t needed for works in the public domain, and permission is implied when you pay for an image or borrow it under a Creative Commons license. Even so, credit should be given.

Examples of wording for credits:

Photo by Kalyan (adapted for post), licensed under CC BY 2.0.

Cartoon: “Punctuation Party,” by Hilary B. Price. Rhymes with Orange © 2015. Distributed by King Features Syndicate Inc., Hearst Holdings Inc. Used with permission.

Referencing an original artwork (viewed in a museum, gallery or collection)

Information about paintings, photographs, lithographs, sculptures, or other works of art can usually be presented in the text rather than in a reference list. If a reference list entry is needed, list the artist, a title (in italics), and a date of creation or completion, followed by information about the medium and the location of the work. For works consulted online, add a URL.

When citing an item in a museum collection, it is usually enough simply to describe it either in a caption or in the text and give credit to the museum. Museum websites usually do most of the work for you.

An exhibition catalog or brochure is often published as a book and is treated as such. 

Cacchione, Orianna. Zhang Peili: Record. Repeat. Art Institute of Chicago, 2017. Distributed by Yale University Press. Exhibition catalog.

Note that images that are not in the public domain may require permission before they can be reproduced in your work.

Below is a public-domain image from the website of the Metropolitan Museum of Art:

Image Japanese censer, 19th century (Edo period), stoneware with inlaid design (Yatsushiro ware), 8.3 × 11.1 × 5.7 cm (ht. × rim diam. × foot diam.), Metropolitan Museum of Art.

The museum’s information for the image does not cite a creator so the caption for a work with no known creator could be listed under the description of the work.

Paraphrasing in-text

“The censer, a nineteenth-century example from the Edo period (1615–1868) in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, ...”

Reference list

Last name of creator, First name. Title of artwork or image. Date created. Medium, dimensions in cm if appropriate. Museum or gallery name, Location. URL if applicable.

Reference list example

Japanese censer. 19th century. Stoneware with inlaid design (Yatsushiro ware), 8.3 × 11.1 × 5.7 cm (ht. × rim diam. × foot diam.). Metropolitan Museum of Art. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/62537.

Neel, David. Kakasolas (Ellen Neel). 1992. Carved cedar with abalone, 35.5 x 24.5 x 15.2 cm. Camosun College Art Collection, Victoria.

Klimt, Gustav. The Kiss. 1909. Painting. Belvedere, Vienna. sammlung.belvedere.at/objects/6678/der-kuss-liebespaar.

Referencing an image from a book

When you use reproduced images from books or journal articles in your assignment, a caption should be placed immediately below the image with the appropriate citation. When referring to an image in the text of your essay, give a short citation consisting of the name of the artist (s), creator(s) or author(s), the date of publication or creation and, if appropriate, the relevant page, figure, table, paragraph number

Image in a book

Leibovitz, Annie. 1996. Olympic Portraits. Boston: Little Brown.

Mapplethorpe, Robert. 1989. Some Women. Boston: Bulfinch Press.

Artwork reproduced in a book

Reference list

Creator’s Lastname, Firstname. Title of Artwork. Date created. Medium, dimensions in cm if appropriate. In Title of Book, (edited) by Author's/Editor's Firstname Lastname. Publisher, Year, page or plate #.

Reference list examples

Jansen, Franz. 8 O'Clock. 1920. In German Expressionist Woodcuts, edited by Shane Weller. New York: Dover Publications, 1994, plate 12.

Delaroche, Paul. Portrait of a Woman. 1829. Pastel drawing, 25.5 x 30.5 cm. In European Drawings from the Collection of the Ackland Art Museum, by Carol C. Gillham and Carolyn H. Wood. The Museum, University of North Carolina, 2001.

Bedford, Paddy. 2001. Dingo Dreaming. ochre on canvas. Reproduced in McCulloch's Contemporary Aboriginal Art: The Complete Guide, by Susan McCulloch and Emily McCulloch Childs. McCulloch & McCulloch Australian Art Books, 2008, 154.

Referencing an image from a web page

Image incorporated in text

When using images in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two places:

1. Within the written body of your paper, as you would for a normal in-text reference

2. With a brief title above the image and a figure number and credits underneath.

Refer to the figure by its assigned number.

When celestial bodies are in alignment (see fig. 1) it is called syzygy.

Image Figure 1. An example of syzygy (celestial alignment) above the La Silla observatory, Chile. (Photograph by Yuri Beletsky, Three Planets Dance over La Silla, June 3, 2013, European Southern Observatory, https://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1322a/).

Reference list

Creators Lastname, Firstname, Title of image: Subtitle. Date created. Medium, dimensions if appropriate. Collection or institution, Location. URL.

Reference list example

Heimans, Ralph. Gloves Off (Tom Uren). 1996 Oil paint on canvas. National Portrait Gallery, Canberra. http://www.portrait.gov.au/portraits/2000.36/gloves-off-tom-uren.

Tipton, William. Fortifications on Little Round Top. 1870. Photograph. Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2018652217.

Referencing an image from a library database

Reference list

Creator’s Lastname, Firstname. Title of image: Subtitle. Date created. Medium, dimensions in cm if appropriate. Collection or institution, Location. LibraryDatabaseName.

Reference list example

Kessel, Marion. The Making of a Monologue: Robert Wilson's Hamlet. 1995. Video recording, 62:18 mins. Theatre in Video. Cinema Guild. New York.

Kruger, Barbara. Untitled (Not Stupid Enough): top, Untitled (Not Cruel Enough): bottom. 1997. Photographic silkscreen on vinyl, 277 x 482.5 cm. ARTstor Slide Gallery. ARTstor.

Referencing an image with a Creative Commons license

Creative Commons licenses require that the creators be cited. Include the URL of the source you used. Try to find the actual name of the creator, not just a username or pseudonym. Also indicate the type of CC license.
To acknowledge Creative Commons sources, write “Licensed under CC ...” and link to the license, per CC guidelines.

Photo by Mehmet Karatay (Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0)

Referencing an image adapted from another source

An author creating an illustration adjusted from, or using data from, another source should credit that source for reasons of professional courtesy and readers’ information.

Fig. 7. Cut injuries (circled) depicted on right side of the head and right ear of the Terme Boxer. (Lanmas / Alamy Stock Photo; courtesy Ministero della Cultura, Museo Nazionale Romano; circles added by author.)

Adapted from DuVernay (2024, fig. 5).

For montage photographs where two or more photographs have been morphed into one image, sometimes the pieces of a montage can be identified with terms like “clockwise from upper left” or “top, left to right; centre, left to right; bottom, left to right.”

If the illustration was created by or with the help of artificial intelligence (AI), that fact should be noted in the credit.

Fig. 3. Image generated by DALL·E 2, April 7, 2023, from the prompt “An ornate bookshelf with a portal into another dimension.”

Referencing an image generated with AI

Prior to using AI ask your instructor if they allow AI-generated images to be used in your assignment.

If the image was created by or with the help of artificial intelligence (AI), that fact should be noted in the credit.

AI-generated images are an emerging technology so clear guidelines for how to incorporate them into existing Chicago referencing style do not yet exist. AI-generated images can usually be can usually be presented in the text rather than in a reference list. Give each image a figure number and a caption. You may abbreviate figure as fig. An author creating an illustration adjusted from, or using data from, another source should credit that source. Also include the AI tool that was used as well as the question or prompt you used to generate the image and the date the content was generated.

According to an article on the website of OpenAI, the organization responsible for DALL·E, “If you’d like to cite DALL·E, we’d recommend including wording such as ‘This image was created with the assistance of DALL·E 2’ or ‘This image was generated with the assistance of AI’ ”

In-text citation

Figure number. Image generated by [Name of AI tool], Month Day, Year, from the prompt "Prompt."

Image Fig. 3. Image generated by DALL·E 2, March 5, 2023, from the prompt “A modern office rendered as a cubist painting.”

Reference list example

If you do include a citation in your reference list it could look like this:

“A modern office rendered as a cubist painting,” image generated by OpenAI’s DALL·E 2, March 5, 2023.

AI-generated image reproduced from a published source

Figure number. Artist’s Given Name Artist’s Family Name, Title of work (if known), Year of production (if known). Medium, in Author's Given Name and Family Names, source details (e.g. website, book, etc).

Figure 1: Artwork created using OpenAI's DALLE-2, in Adam Gopnick, "What Can A.I. Art Teach Us About the Real Thing?" The New Yorker, March 1, 2023, https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/what-can-ai-art-teach-us-about-the-real-thing

Referencing an image you have created yourself

For your own photographs, it is sufficient to give just a credit line/caption below the image.
If the image requires more description or explanation that isn’t obvious from the title, you may wish to include a note. No reference list entry is required unless the figure has been published.

Referencing an act or bill of parliament

The Chicago Manual of Style does not cover Australian legal materials. The guidelines presented here are adapted from the Australian Guide to Legal Citation.

Paraphrasing in-text

Include the title of the legislation and the year in italics if referring to an Act in the body of the text. Otherwise, place the year and section number(s) (if applicable) in brackets. State the jurisdiction (geographic area) of the legislation, either in the body of the text, or enclosed in brackets.

According to the Victorian Mental Health and Wellbeing Act (2022, s. 4) ...

Victoria’s Mental Health and Wellbeing Act (2022, s. 4) states that ...

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the title of the Act, year, jurisdiction and section number(s) (if applicable). For in-text citations and reference list, put the title of the Act (which includes the Year) in italics.

“Mental illness is a medical condition that is characterised by a significant disturbance of thought, mood, perception or memory” (Victorian Mental Health and Wellbeing Act 2022, s. 4).

Reference list

In the reference list, separate this from the main body of the list under the subheading: Legislation. The title of the legislation and year are to be italicised. Include the jurisdiction of the legislation in round brackets e.g. (Cth) for Commonwealth, or the State abbreviation (Vic) for Victoria, New South Wales (NSW), Tasmania (Tas), Queensland (Qld), South Australia (SA), Western Australia (WA), Northern Territory (NT), Australian Capital Territory (ACT).

Include the commencement / in force date from the Act to indicate which version is referenced. Always include the section/paragraph/part number (if available) so it is easily discoverable. This can be highlighted by using an s. for section. If the legislation is obtained from an electronic source, a full internet address or retrieval statement should be added to the reference.

Short Title of Act Year in Italics (Jurisdiction) Section # and subdivision (if relevant). URL.

Reference list example

Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) S. 40. https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca1968133/.

Legislation: Commonwealth

Title Year (Jurisdiction). Commencement Date. Internet address, if applicable.

Domicile Act 1982 (Cth). January 25 2019. https://www.legislation.gov.au/Series/C2004A02560.

Legislation: State

Dog Act 1976 (WA). August 27, 2022. https://www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/statutes.nsf/law_a230.html.

Hansard: Commonwealth

When citing Hansard, If the speaker holds a position within a ministry or shadow ministry that is particularly relevant, this can be included in the citation.

Jurisdiction. House. Year. Parliamentary Debates. Date, Starting Page. Speaker, Relevant Position Title, if applicable. Internet address, if applicable.

Australia. House of Representatives. 2016. Parliamentary Debates. February 29, 2361. Clare O’Neil. http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/genpdf/chamber/hansardr/3e7fc91c-2a08-4853-95e3-77e2c5b615c5/0034/hansard_frag.pdf.

Hansard: State

Western Australia. Legislative Council. 2016. Parliamentary Debates. February 25, 821. Col Holt, Minister for Housing. http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/Hansard/hansard.nsf/0/15682C5E67E9EC5048257F68001D11B7/$File/C39%20S1%2020160225%20All.pdf.

Bills

Source State Bills from the Parliament links on the Federal Register of Legislation for each State. Bills are treated as unpublished works and the title is not italicised. Identify Bills by title, year, and number. Useful abbreviations for jurisdiction: (Cth) for Commonwealth, (Vic) for Victoria, New South Wales (NSW), Tasmania (Tas), Queensland (Qld), South Australia (SA), Western Australia (WA), Northern Territory (NT), Australian Capital Territory (ACT).

Paraphrasing in-text

Include the short title of the bill, year, jurisdiction (geographic area) abbreviated, subdivision number if available.

As outlined in the Liability for Climate Change Commonwealth Bill (2020, s. 15).

Direct quote in-text

“This Act provides a right to recover damages in relation to climate change damage suffered by a person” (Liability for Climate Change Bill 2020, s. 3).

Reference list

Include the short title of the bill, year, jurisdiction (abbreviated - see above), subdivision number (if relevant), URL if retrieved from a website.

Title of Bill, Year (Bill Number), part. xx.

Reference list example

Liability for Climate Change Bill 2020 (Cth). https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2020B00019.

Referencing a law case

The Chicago Manual of Style does not cover Australian legal materials. The guidelines presented here are adapted from the Australian Guide to Legal Citation.

Paraphrasing in-text

When citing a Case in-text, include the title of the case in italics followed by the year in brackets, or alternatively, it is also acceptable to include all case details enclosed in brackets; italicise only the case title, followed by the year.

According to the case of Drew v Minister for Health and Ageing (2011) ...

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the title of the case in italics, year, page number, section heading (if applicable) and paragraph number or pinpoint.

"The use of Clozapine has been associated with a high risk of agranulocytosis, a serious blood disorder" (Drew v Minister for Health and Ageing, 2011).

Reference list

If you decide to include a case in your reference list, set it apart from the main body of the reference list under the subheading: Legal Authorities.

For court decisions the elements to include are: title of the case in italics, year in brackets, volume number, reporter abbreviation, and starting page number. If a case is obtained from an electronic database, add a URL.

Case Name in Italics (Year). Volume Number Law Report Series Starting Page or Pinpoint. URL.

Reference list example

Drew v Minister for Health and Ageing (2011) 56 AAR 227. https://signon.thomsonreuters.com/federation/OA?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fanzlaw.thomsonreuters.com%2FDocument%2FI2f5178b1806911e8b22785ae5ff38a3b%2FView%2FFullText.html%3FtransitionType%3DDefault%26contextData%3D(sc.Default)%26VR%3D3.0%26RS%3Dcblt1.0&entityID=https%3A%2F%2Fidp.swin.edu.au%2Fentity

Reported case:

Parties Names. Year. Volume (if any) Series Abbreviation Starting Page Number. Internet address, if applicable.

Coleman v Richards. 1941. 43 WALR 21.

Unreported case:

When citing unreported cases, the year should be enclosed in square brackets.

Parties Names. [Year]. Unique Court Identifier Judgment Number. Date, Starting Page Number. Internet address, if applicable.

KJS v The Queen. [2016]. WASC 14, 30. http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/wa/WASC/2016/14.html.

Referencing a dictionary or encyclopaedia entry

Dictionary and encyclopedia entries are cited in a similar way to chapters from edited books. For dictionaries with no editors, use the dictionary title in italics in place of the author. This same format applies to all reference works including dictionaries, thesauruses, encyclopedias and atlases. Always use (n.d.) for non-archived (regularly updated) entries online and add the date you retrieved it.

Paraphrasing in-text

(Author/s family name year)

... diwangarna, meaning aeroplane in Ngarinyman ("Diwungarna" 2021).

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " ". If directly quoting from a source without a page number, use a paragraph number or section heading instead.

(Author/s family name year, page number)

According to Cox, La Caze and Levine, "... the question turns on whether anything ties together the various traits associated with integrity in a coherent overarching conception of integrity ... " (2021, under "6. Integrity as a virtue").

Modernism is “a style and movement in art, architecture and literature popular in the early 20th century” (Oxford University Press n.d.).

Reference list

If the dictionary or encyclopedia is published online, include the web address of the section or DOI (if available) or database name (if the URL requires an account login). Include an accessed date before the URL/DOI/database name. When the author/editor for a dictionary or encyclopedia section is unknown, use the section title in quotation marks in place of author names in the reference list entry.

Author of Section Last name, First name. Year. "Title of Section". In Title of Dictionary or Encyclopedia, edited by Editor First name Family name, page range if applicable. Publisher Name. Accessed Month day, year if online. URL, DOI or database name if online.

Reference list example

Cox, Damian, Marguerite La Caze, and Michael Levine. 2021. "Integrity." In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Accessed May 5, 2022. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/integrity/.

"Diwungarna." 2021. In Ngarinyman to English Dictionary, edited by Caroline Jones, Eva Schultze-Berndt and Jessica Denniss, 93. Aboriginal Studies Press. Accessed May 5, 2022. ProQuest Ebook Central.

Referencing a personal communication or an unpublished interview

Personal communications, including private conversations, phone calls, letters, emails, text messages and direct messages sent by social media, are usually cited in the text only; they are rarely included in a reference list.

Request permission from the correspondent to directly quote if possible.
For in-text citations, include the correspondent’s full name, type of communication, and date.
Use “author” instead of your name.

The description personal communication (or the abbreviation pers. comm.) may be used after the name of the person concerned, following a comma. If the medium is important and not mentioned in the text, it can be included in brackets. The abbreviation et al. should be avoided in such citations and each person cited must be fully identified elsewhere in the text. Initials may be used for first names. Unless it is mentioned in the text, a date should be added in parentheses, following a comma.

(Julie Cantor, pers. comm.)

(Sam Gomez, Facebook direct message to author, August 1, 2024)

(Brenda Hasbrouck, text message to author, May 5, 2017)

(Diane Evans, Instagram message to author, February 24, 2019)

(A. P. Møller, unpublished data; C. R. Brown and M. B. Brown, unpublished data)

Referencing AI-generated content

Please confirm with your teacher before using any AI tools in your assessment tasks. They can tell you if you are permitted to use AI tools. If permitted, then you must appropriately acknowledge and reference the use of these tools and their outputs. Failure to acknowledge the use of these tools can result in academic misconduct. If you have relied on content generated by a chatbot or similar AI tool, make it clear how the tool has been used. You need to provide a general acknowledgement within the body of your text to explain that an AI tool was used in the creation of your work. Include as much detail as possible, including how you used the AI tool, the prompt used, the date you used the tool, and the name, creator and version of the AI tool. ChatGPT is considered the author and OpenAI is the publisher or sponsor of the content. Rather than citing Generative AI as a source of information, you would, instead, be citing the use of a tool - Generative AI.

Example: On the 26th June 2023, I used the May 24 version of OpenAI's ChatGPT to perform background research by using the following prompt "explain the difference between deep learning and machine learning".

In Chicago style personal communications, social media posts and AI generated material is not usually included in the bibliography or reference list. Any specific content, whether quoted or paraphrased, should be cited in-text next to where it occurs. You should include the author of the generative AI model and date in brackets e.g. (Microsoft Copilot, 30 July 2024). Use the day the chat was generated as the date.

Generative AI tools such as ChatGPT cannot accurately cite their own sources. Any references they provide may be false or non-existent – you should always check the original source for any references that are generated.

Paraphrasing in-text

Place any information not in the text in a parenthetical text reference, e.g., (ChatGPT, June 14, 2023).

When prompted to “Discuss the role of First Nations mythology in magical realist novels, using examples from the works of three authors,” ChatGPT made reference to ... (OpenAI, 2023).

Direct quote in-text

(Author, date)

"dramatic irony creates tension and suspense as the audience knows more than the characters." (ChatGPT, June 14, 2023).

The following recipe for pizza dough was generated on December 9, 2023, by ChatGPT-3.5.

Reference list

If you do end up including some AI generated material in a bibliography or reference list, cite it under the name of the publisher or developer rather than the name of the tool and include a publicly available URL.

If you are referring to content within your work that you have generated using AI tools, include the shareable link to the content if there is one. If the content is not shareable, include the general URL for the tool and include the question or prompt you used to generate the content in your text.

Content created by AI tools such as ChatGPT is not usually accessible or retrievable by others, so it is treated as a personal communication. You can include the content that was generated in an appendix.

Google. Response to “How many copyeditors does it take to fix a book-length manuscript?” Gemini 1.0, February 10, 2024. https://g.co/gemini/share/cccc26abdc19.

Referencing a thesis or dissertation

Paraphrasing in-text

A dissertation or thesis is considered published when it is available in print or if it appears in a database such as ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, an institutional repository, or an archive.

Include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. If referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

It was determined that the best outcome could be ... (Camacho 2020)

Camacho (2020) reported that ...

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and include the page number(s) from the thesis.

(Author’s Family Name Year of award, page/s).

“Human activity has shaped landscapes to such an extent for so many thousands of years that managing landscapes is now a given” (Court 2019, 34).

Reference List

If the thesis or dissertation is accessed online, include a URL. However, if it is from a Library database and requires an account login, include only the database or repository name. Hard copy theses or dissertations do not require a URL or database/repository name. When the document is labelled PhD dissertation, use the abbreviation PhD diss.

Author, A. A. Year. "Title of Thesis: Subtitle." Unpublished thesis type, University.

Author’s Family Name, Author’s Given Name. “Title of Thesis or Dissertation: Subtitle.” Master's thesis, PhD thesis or PhD diss., University’s Name, Year of Award. URL or Database/Repository name (Document identifier).

Reference list examples

Unpublished

Rutz, Cynthia Lillian. “King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues.” PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2013.

Institutional repository

Goode, Simon. “Artificial Intelligence for Fast Data Analysis and Fast Transient Detection Applications.” PhD diss, Swinburne University of Technology, 2024. Swinburne Research Bank http://hdl.handle.net/1959.3/477320.

Published

Yen, Hung-Hsun. Modulation of Immune Responses to DNA Vaccines in Sheep: May a Particular Type of Immune Memory Induced during Vaccination Still be Maintained During Infection? LAP Lambert Academic, 2009.

Blajer de la Garza, Yuna. “A House Is Not a Home: Citizenship and Belonging in Contemporary Democracies.” PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2019. ProQuest (13865986).

Referencing a dataset

Paraphrasing in-text

A dataset is a file or group of files associated with a study. Whenever a claim depends on data, those data should be cited in such a way that readers can access and evaluate the same data for themselves.

(Author family name OR Organisation name Year of publication)

Rainfall in February 2022 was amongst the lowest recorded for during this month since measurements commenced at the Melbourne Botanical Gardens weather station in 1964 (Bureau of Meteorology 2022).

Direct quote in-text

(Author family name OR Organisation name Year of publication, page number or section heading)

“rainfall of 388.7 millilitres recorded in 1967 at Melbourne Botanical Gardens weather station” (Bureau of Meteorology 2022, 1).

Reference list

Many data repositories offer suggested citations. Each citation must include basic elements that allow a unique dataset to be identified in future e.g. title; all authors; full date; edition number or version number, publisher or distributor, and its persistent location identifier (such as its web address, Digital Object Identifier, Uniform Resource Name, or Handle). An access date is only included in the reference list entry if no date of publication or revision can be determined from the source. In those cases when only an access date is used – use n.d. (which is short for no date) as the date of publication.

DOI available:

Datasets with their own DOIs should normally be listed individually in the reference list to facilitate citation tracking by publishers and others. For work that relies on many related datasets, listing only the database as a whole in the bibliography can reduce repetition and stop the list being too long.

Author, A. A., and B. B. Author. Year. “Title of Dataset.” Identifying number if applicable. Title of series if applicable. Source, Month Day. Doi.

No DOI available:

Author, A. A., and B. B. Author. Year. “Title of Dataset.” Identifying number if applicable. Title of series if applicable. Source. Internet address.

Reference list example

Zou, Heng-Xing, and Volker H. W. Rudolf. 2023. Data from “Priority Effects Determine How Dispersal Affects Biodiversity in Seasonal Metacommunities.” Dryad dataset, February 9. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.sbcc2frb4.

MIT Election Data and Science Lab. “U.S. Senate Precinct-Level Returns 2020.” Version 1.1. Harvard Dataverse, March 17, 2022. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/ER9XTV.